Redefining Legal Excellence, Embracing Digital Horizons
From 6 February 2026, England and Wales criminalise creating or requesting non-consensual purported intimate images of adults, even where the image is never shared. Barrister Aemen Zulfikar Maluka examines sections…
A recurring type of inquiry received by Pakistani lawyers now begins with an alarming sentence: “My mobile phone suddenly stopped working, and when I regained access, money had disappeared from…
There is an awkward paradox at the centre of almost every serious proposal to keep children off unsuitable parts of the internet. The State says: “We do not want children…
Some injuries created by the internet cannot sensibly wait for ordinary legal time. A defamatory article can be answered. A commercial dispute can proceed through litigation. A contractual breach may…
On 31 August 2026, Pakistan secured a genuinely important legal victory in its long-running water dispute with India. The Court of Arbitration constituted under the Indus Waters Treaty 1960 unanimously…
Latest Trial Update — 25th of August 2026 When I first wrote about the Lindsay Clancy case, I described it as a tragedy that demands considerably more seriousness than the…
Imagine receiving a rejection letter from an employer. You were qualified. You had relevant experience. Nobody interviewed you. Nobody telephoned. Nobody appears even to have read your application. A machine…
The Punjab Protection of Ownership of Immovable Property (Amendment) Act 2026 has been presented as one of Punjab’s most consequential attempts to tackle the perennial problem of qabza: unlawful occupation,…
How the United States, Europe, Pakistan, Canada, India, New Zealand and other jurisdictions have dealt, successfully and unsuccessfully, with the commercial exploitation of citizenship by birth The expression “birth tourism”…
Foreign Funding of NGOs and NPOs in Pakistan After 2026 LHC 2316: What the Lahore High Court Actually Decided Pakistan’s regulatory environment for NGOs, NPOs, charities and donor-funded institutions has…
Buying a residential plot in Pakistan often begins with a simple promise: select a plot, make the prescribed payments, allow the developer time to complete development, and eventually receive possession…
Pakistan’s position in the international Basmati dispute received a significant boost on 11 August 2026 when the Federal Court of Australia dismissed an appeal by India’s Agricultural and Processed Food…
There is a simple observation which lawyers encounter repeatedly, although usually after the damage has been done: people often tell us who they are long before a dispute reaches court.…
One of the most serious mistakes made by small charitable initiatives is the assumption that incorporation under section 42 of the Companies Act 2017 is simply the “best”, “strongest” or…
Electronic communications now document much of modern commercial and personal life. Contracts are negotiated through email, payments are confirmed through mobile applications, instructions are conveyed through WhatsApp, meetings take place…
Corporate fraud rarely begins with a dramatic discovery. More often, it emerges through a small inconsistency: an unfamiliar payee, a payment that does not correspond with its stated purpose, an…
Foreign investors, expatriates, overseas entrepreneurs and non-Urdu-speaking businesspersons frequently approach Pakistan with an admirable degree of optimism. They see opportunity, underused assets, personal hospitality, a growing consumer market and, in…
Can the United States Dismantle the International Criminal Court? A balanced legal analysis of the United States campaign against the International Criminal Court, examining sovereignty, ICC jurisdiction, sanctions, judicial independence…
There are moments in history when the world becomes so implausible that even lawyers a profession not exactly famed for whimsy , are forced to admit that reality has begun…
September 2026 Update: The Hypothetical Hormuz Crisis Has Become Real When this analysis was first published in March 2026, the central legal question was what would happen if escalating conflict…
Within Pakistan’s administrative law framework, the concept of suspension of a civil servant occupies a peculiar and frequently misunderstood position. Public discourse often treats suspension as if it were a…
Workplace harassment law in Pakistan is no longer a compliance formality , it is a constitutional imperative. Over the last decade, and particularly in the last few years, Pakistani courts…
In moments of geopolitical upheaval, law is tested not in theory but in its moral stamina. Few questions expose the structural limits of our legal order more starkly than this:…
Update (March 2026) Since the publication of the Prosumer Regulations, 2026, the policy landscape surrounding rooftop solar generation in Pakistan has continued to evolve rapidly. The initial notification of the…
It begins with silence. No screams, no alerts, no farewell. Just the stale stillness of an apartment in Karachi’s Gulistan-e-Johar, its doors locked from the inside, curtains drawn against a…
Pakistan’s criminal justice system exhibits a dangerous paradox when it comes to the use of modern forensic tools, particularly Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) footage and Call Data Record (CDR) evidence. These…
The principle of intelligent preference or determination of choice by a minor in custody proceedings is recognised under Pakistani law, particularly within the framework of the Guardians and Wards Act,…
The family court system in Pakistan is fraught with inconsistencies and judicial misapplications when determining the intelligent preference of a minor in custody proceedings. The doctrine of intelligent preference, while…
The disposal of old power plants in Pakistan presents a unique set of legal, financial, and regulatory challenges for bidders. Whether dealing with entities like Lakhra Power Generation Company Ltd…
Entering the Pakistani power sector through tenders for the disposal of redundant, old, and defunct power plants is not for the faint-hearted, nor for those who assume that contract law…
Arctic sovereignty has long been an evolving concept, shifting with the geopolitical tides and legal frameworks that seek to govern its vast, resource-rich expanse. The race for Arctic oil and…
The global energy landscape has always been a high-stakes arena, but rarely has it been so explicitly tied to the raw calculus of war and power as it is today.…
An Office Memorandum issued by the Government of Pakistan’s Cabinet Secretariat, Establishment Division on 7th February 2025 announces the withdrawal of the provision of regular appointment under the employment category…
Imagine this as a Pakistani Grandfather: you’ve lived a long, industrious life, saved a tidy sum, and built a respectable name in your community. You’ve doted on your children, even…
Medical negligence claims in Pakistan have become increasingly common as patients and their families seek legal recourse against hospitals and doctors. However, navigating such cases requires an astute understanding of…
2022 CLD 790 is a seminal judgment by the Competition Commission of Pakistan concerning anti-competitive practices in the aviation sector, specifically focusing on the exclusive rights granted to a consortium…
Litigating against an airline—whether as a passenger, an airline employee, or a commercial partner—is not for the faint of heart. Airlines operate in a unique and complex legal ecosystem governed…
If you find yourself on the receiving end of police misconduct—whether it’s wrongful arrest, excessive force, or a case of bureaucratic tyranny—you’re not just up against an errant officer. You’re…
Franchise agreements, while offering lucrative opportunities for business expansion, are legal minefields that require precision, foresight, and an unwavering strategic approach. The franchisor-franchisee relationship, if not meticulously structured, can quickly…
Recent developments in the £190 million case involving Malik Riaz, the prominent Pakistani real estate tycoon, have seen significant legal actions by Pakistani authorities. The National Accountability Bureau (NAB) has…
The subject of granting exemption from personal appearance to an accused during trial is a nuanced aspect of criminal procedural law, particularly under Section 540-A of the Criminal Procedure Code…
In a significant legal development, the Punjab government has issued a directive allowing individuals with non-serious or petty criminal records to have their police records erased or deleted. This decision…
In an important development concerning property transactions in Punjab, the Board of Revenue has reinforced the enforcement of Section 75A of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, which imposes a 5%…
The legislative structure surrounding insolvency in Pakistan, while historically founded on colonial statutes and gradually expanded through subsequent enactments, remains fragmented between individual and corporate insolvency regimes. The relevant legislation…
The legal framework and forums for bankruptcy in Pakistan, revolve around a combination of statutory provisions, judicial precedents, and regulatory oversight. The framework is guided by principles embedded in key…
In Pakistan, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is a formal document that outlines the preliminary understanding and agreement between two or more parties, typically as a precursor to a binding…
Contract law in Pakistan is a foundational legal framework governing agreements between parties. It defines the creation, performance, enforcement, and remedies for breaches of contractual obligations.It is rooted in The…
The ability to execute a Gift or Hiba through a Power of Attorney (PoA) is a nuanced legal matter, subject to stringent rules and principles. For the benefit of our…
The Banking Companies (Recovery of Loans, Advances, Credits, and Finances) Act, 1997 is a legislative framework enacted in Pakistan to streamline the process of recovery for financial institutions, particularly banks.…
A Legal Notice, as recognised under various judicial precedents and statutes, is a formal written communication sent by one party to another to assert legal claims, rights, or obligations before…
Rent agreements in Pakistan might seem like simple documents, but they hold a world of legal significance and potential drama. From oral arrangements whispered over tea to notarised documents with…
In Pakistan, the main legal framework governing Bills of Lading primarily revolves around contract law, maritime law, and relevant provisions of the Customs Act, 1969. Additionally, international conventions such as…
Ship arrest is a procedural mechanism available under admiralty jurisdiction, allowing a claimant to detain a vessel to secure maritime claims. It is primarily governed in Pakistan by the Admiralty…
Maritime law, also known as admiralty law, (often referred to as Pakistan’s National Shipping Laws) governs the complex and multifaceted world of shipping, trade, and marine resource management. In Pakistan,…
The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) plays a central role in the regulation of Pakistan’s electricity sector. For litigants embroiled in disputes involving NEPRA, understanding the governing legal framework…
In the realm of public service and civil administration, appointments by absorption have sparked significant debate and scrutiny. At first glance, the concept seems straightforward—allowing a civil servant to transition…
The downstream oil and gas sector in Pakistan plays a pivotal role in ensuring the smooth supply and distribution of petroleum products, directly impacting industries, businesses, and consumers nationwide. Governed…
In Civil law there are types of investments that can legally be considered as entrustments. Entrustment, in a legal sense, typically arises when one party (the entrustor) places something of…
The doctrine of legitimate expectations is a cornerstone of administrative law, embodying the principles of fairness, consistency, and good governance in public decision-making. Rooted in the concept of procedural and…
The Federal Ombudsman (Wafaqi Mohtasib) in Pakistan is an independent institution established to redress complaints of maladministration by federal government agencies. Its primary function is to provide a forum for…
A sham transaction is defined as an act or arrangement entered into by parties that does not reflect their true intentions, often designed to deceive, defraud, or circumvent legal obligations.…
The legal discourse surrounding crimes involving foetuses or unborn children presents a complex interplay of penal provisions, judicial interpretations, and societal values. Here is an analysis of the courts’ approaches…
The term “Benami” derives from Persian, meaning “without name” or “anonymous.” In the legal context of Pakistan, a Benami transaction involves the purchase of property in the name of one…
The legal framework for addressing encroachments across different provinces in Pakistan involves various municipal, provincial, and national laws designed to regulate land use, protect public spaces, and enforce property rights.…
Vested rights are those rights that have been accrued or become fixed, and they are not dependent on any future events or contingencies. In the context of Pakistani law, a…
In Pakistan, passport-related disputes often arise from issues concerning identity verification, travel restrictions, alleged misuse of passports, fraudulent documentation, and administrative actions by government authorities. These disputes can vary from…
In the context of civil service, promotions are critical milestones that not only recognise the accomplishments and seniority of government employees but also define their career trajectories and entitlements. However,…
The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925, represents a cornerstone of maritime law in Pakistan, incorporating the Hague Rules to govern the rights, obligations, and liabilities of carriers and…
With Pakistan’s real estate market expanding, foreign companies and their sales agents are increasingly targeting investors looking to purchase property in Pakistan. Unfortunately, many of these overseas entities employ predatory…
Cross-examination is a procedural mechanism in legal trials where one party questions a witness presented by the opposing party. It is conducted after the examination-in-chief (the witness’s initial testimony). The…
In property transfer cases in Pakistan, cross-examination plays a pivotal role in determining the credibility of claims and evidence. The burden of proof rests on the party asserting a fact,…
Cross-examination in family court is a pivotal stage where evidence and credibility are tested. Whether you are a plaintiff or a defendant, understanding the rules, strategies, and techniques can significantly…
Last legally reviewed: 9 September 2026 The Payment Systems and Electronic Fund Transfers Act, 2007 (“PS&EFT Act”) is one of the most important pieces of financial legislation in Pakistan that…
The legal landscape surrounding credit card disputes in Pakistan is a complex interplay of statutory provisions, regulatory guidelines, and judicial precedents aimed at balancing the rights and responsibilities of cardholders,…
The Regulations for Payment Card Security, 2016, issued by the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), aim to ensure the safety, resilience, and consumer confidence in payment systems. These regulations are…
In civil litigation, execution orders serve as powerful mechanisms to ensure that judgments are not merely symbolic but have real, enforceable consequences. Yet, with power comes complexity: questions of ownership,…
Double taxation refers to the situation where the same income is taxed in two different jurisdictions. This typically occurs in international contexts, where a person or business earns income in…
The key differences between eviction and ejectment petitions, as discerned from the legal analysis and current Pakistani case law, lie in their underlying principles, procedures, and contexts in which they…
Update July 2025: Legal and Regulatory Status of Starlink in Pakistan as of July 2025 By Barrister Aemen Zulfikar Maluka Josh and Mak International This memorandum provides a structured update…
The legal treatment of cheques in Pakistan is a subject governed by various provisions under the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) and the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. One of the central…
Iqrarnama in the Pakistan legal system is a formal written document that serves as a binding declaration or agreement between two or more parties. It is used to document commitments,…
Update January 2025: The Rise of Deepseek: Another Overhyped AI Bubble? The AI landscape is once again at a crossroads, with the arrival of Deepseek reigniting discussions about whether the…
Recent developments regarding Iran’s nuclear activities have sparked intense speculation following a seismic event in Iran’s Semnan province on October 5, 2024. The tremor, recorded at 4.5 to 4.6 in…
Seniority disputes in civil service are a common and critical issue, as the determination of seniority impacts promotions, postings, and other career advancements for government employees. The legal framework governing…
Contracting insurance for operations in war zone areas requires meticulous attention to detail due to the unique risks involved. With evolving geopolitical tensions and the complexities of conflict environments, securing…
The arrest of Pavel Durov, the founder and CEO of Telegram, in France raises significant legal challenges and potential implications for global technology platforms. The arrest stems from accusations related…
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has grown from speculative theories to practical applications that now shape various industries, transcending its original academic interest. The trajectory of AI, from its conceptual roots to…
Imane Khelif, the Algerian Olympic gold medalist in boxing, has recently launched a lawsuit against J.K. Rowling and Elon Musk. The lawsuit, filed in Paris, accuses them of cyberbullying and…
The proposed amendment, as introduced in the National Assembly of Pakistan, seeks to amend section 489F of the Pakistan Penal Code, 1860, and the corresponding provisions in the Code of…
On 2nd September 2024, the Establishment Division of Pakistan issued a comprehensive Office Memorandum concerning the use of social media platforms by government servants. These new directives reinforce the Government…
Introduction: Product liability under the Consumer Protection Act, 2005, is a crucial aspect of consumer rights law in Pakistan. It governs the responsibility of manufacturers, distributors, and sellers for any…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand that navigating consumer rights and understanding the jurisdiction of Consumer Courts in Pakistan can be challenging. This primer is designed to provide a…
The law of attachment of property in Pakistan forms a critical component of the country’s legal system, playing a vital role in the enforcement of court judgments, decrees, and orders.…
Subletting occurs when a tenant, who has rented property from a landlord, transfers a portion or all of their tenancy rights to a third party, known as a subtenant, without…
Last updated: 9 September 2026 The legal position of Binance and cryptocurrency in Pakistan has changed fundamentally. For several years, anyone asking whether Binance was legal in Pakistan received an…
With the increasing reliance on digital platforms for financial transactions, instances of online banking fraud have surged in Pakistan. This unfortunate rise in fraud cases has left many banking customers…
This recent judgement discusses (1) Concept of outsourcing of tasks through contractor & the Toll Manufacturing (2) Circumvention of labour laws to save money (3) ILO Conventions No.87, 98 &…
The legal battle between Starbucks Corporation, USA, and Options International (SMC-Pvt.) Limited, a case that recently culminated in a significant judgment from the Supreme Court of Pakistan, provides a compelling…
In the context of the legal principles governing oral agreements, the judgment in Civil Petition No. 174-K of 2022 before the Supreme Court of Pakistan provides a comprehensive analysis of…
Facts of the Case C.Ps.No. 154-K of 2022 and 166-K of 2022 The petitioners, Waheed Gul Khan and Mumtaz Ali, applied for employment in the Food Department of the Government…
A Legal Perspective on the Supreme Court’s Judgment on Monal Restaurant: A Long-Overdue Enforcement of Environmental Law The recent Supreme Court judgment ordering the closure and demolition of Monal Restaurant…
The case “Syed Raheel Ahmed v. Mst. Syeda Zona Naqvi and others” (Civil Petition No. 473-K of 2024) is significant due to its implications on the interpretation and application of…
The Mubarak Sani case in Pakistan has garnered significant attention due to its complex legal and religious implications. Mubarak Ahmad Sani was accused of offences under the Punjab Holy Quran…
Updates as of 21st of September 2024 The Natasha Iqbal case, stemming from the fatal road accident on Karachi’s Karsaz Road in August 2024, has seen several important updates recently.…
This article has been written to help in understanding the Rights of Divorced, Widowed, and Unmarried Daughters to Claim a Parent’s Pension: Insights from Legal Precedents and the 2018 Circular.The…
We get a lot of queries from Civil Servants on Absence from Duty and it’s legal implications for their careers. In the realm of civil service, the duty to uphold…
Over the last five years, the law on misconduct and penalties in civil service has evolved to emphasize procedural fairness, proportionality of penalties, and the need for detailed reasoning in…
The defence of self-defence is a legal principle that allows an individual to use reasonable force to protect themselves or others from imminent harm. This defence justifies actions taken to…
Judicial Attitudes to Corporate Governance in Pakistan: A Case Law Perspective Corporate governance in Pakistan has undergone significant evolution, driven by regulatory reforms and judicial interpretations aimed at enhancing transparency,…
The Exit Control List (ECL) of Pakistan is a critical instrument employed by the government to restrict the movement of individuals deemed to be a threat to national security or…
On 30th June 2024, the Sindh Revenue Board issued Circular No. 05/2024, providing crucial amendments to the Sindh Sales Tax on Services (SST) rules. This circular introduces significant changes in…
Welcome to Josh and Mak International, your trusted partner for mergers and acquisitions in Pakistan. As a leading M&A law firm in Islamabad, we are dedicated to providing comprehensive legal…
The Companies Regulations 2024 introduce several enhancements to corporate governance and directors’ duties, aiming to promote transparency, accountability, and effective management within companies. Key changes include: Structured Appointment Processes: The…
The Companies Regulations 2024 introduce significant amendments and enhancements to the Companies Act 2017, aimed at modernising corporate governance, improving compliance, and facilitating ease of doing business in Pakistan. Key…
Introduction The implementation of the LEAP (Leading Efficient and Accessible Processes) program marks a significant transition in the regulatory landscape for companies in Pakistan. This initiative includes the replacement of…
The Constitution of Pakistan includes several provisions to protect the rights of minorities in the country. Key articles and principles relevant to the protection of minority rights are outlined below:…
In Pakistan, sustainable development is impeded by a variety of legal and structural barriers that complicate the implementation and enforcement of policies aimed at achieving environmental sustainability. These barriers are…
Proforma promotion, within the context of Pakistani law, pertains to a retrospective elevation in rank and salary for employees who were eligible for promotion but were overlooked due to administrative…
Human trafficking remains a significant issue globally, with Pakistan being no exception. The legal framework governing human trafficking in Pakistan comprises various statutes and international obligations aimed at combating this…
The Constitution of Pakistan, adopted in 1973, lays a strong foundation for the protection of fundamental rights and outlines principles of policy to guide the governance of the country. This…
The legal framework for electronic signatures in Pakistan is primarily governed by the Electronic Transactions Ordinance, 2002 (ETO 2002). This ordinance provides the foundation for the recognition and enforcement of…
Introduction: The concept of adoption in Pakistan is deeply influenced by Islamic law, which places significant emphasis on lineage and family ties. As a result, the traditional Western notion of…
Overview: Smart contracts and crypto-assets have garnered significant attention in Pakistan, presenting both opportunities and legal challenges. These digital innovations require a thorough understanding of the legal framework to ensure…
Bonded labour in Pakistan, particularly in the agriculture, brick kiln, and carpet industries, remains a critical issue despite legal frameworks aimed at its eradication. Legal Framework and Challenges: Pakistan has…
The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees the right to property to its citizens under several provisions. These provisions aim to protect the ownership and use of property while balancing the needs…
The legal framework and recent developments regarding stray animal welfare in Pakistan highlight several significant issues and progressive steps. Historically, the primary legislation governing animal welfare in Pakistan is the…
The digitalization of Pakistan’s tax system, spearheaded by the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR), marks a significant transformation aimed at modernising the country’s tax infrastructure. This initiative is primarily facilitated…
The Finance Bill, 2024, presented in the National Assembly on June 12, 2024, and subsequently passed as the Finance Act, 2024, on June 28, 2024, introduces significant amendments to Pakistan’s…
Welcome to Josh and Mak International, your trusted legal partner for mental health legislation in Pakistan. Our firm is dedicated to providing expert legal advice and consultancy on mental health…
Welcome to Josh and Mak International, your trusted source for expert legal advice on Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Agreements in the power sector. Our comprehensive services cover all aspects of…
In recent years, the global community has witnessed the escalating impacts of climate change, with developing nations like Pakistan bearing a disproportionate share of the burden. As a country with…
The National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy 2023 (NEEC Policy 2023) represents a significant stride towards sustainable development and climate change mitigation in Pakistan. This policy sets ambitious targets to…
The role of civil society organizations in fostering peace, human dignity, and equality is globally recognised and protected by the United Nations human rights framework. Modern democracies also uphold the…
The doctrine of alternative remedy is crucial in the context of writ jurisdiction under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973. This doctrine mandates that individuals must first…
The perceived failure of tort law in Pakistan can be attributed to a myriad of factors, primarily stemming from historical, structural, and cultural influences that have stunted its development and…
The investment climate in Pakistan presents a unique blend of opportunities and challenges, shaped by the country’s diverse economic landscape and evolving regulatory environment. As Pakistan seeks to attract foreign…
The legal landscape for investments in Pakistan is shaped by a myriad of factors that contribute to a complex and often challenging environment for both domestic and foreign investors. The…
This document presents a detailed comparative analysis of the Foreign Private Investment (Promotion and Protection) Act, 1976, and the Foreign Investment (Promotion and Protection) Act, 2022, focusing on their provisions,…
The DRAFT Electric Vehicle Policy 2020-2025, drafted by the Engineering Development Board of the Ministry of Industries and Production, Government of Pakistan, marks a pivotal step towards embracing sustainable transportation…
IPR Enforcement by the Police Key Legal Provisions and Procedures: Intellectual Property Laws in Force: Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan Act, 2012 Patents Ordinance, 2000 (amended in 2002 and 2006)…
Tower Provider Licences in Pakistan are regulatory permits issued by the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) to companies that establish, maintain, lease, rent, or sell telecommunication towers and related infrastructure. These…
Introduction White-collar crime, a term first coined by sociologist Edwin Sutherland, encompasses non-violent crimes committed by individuals in positions of trust and responsibility, typically involving financial deception. Pakistan, like many…
In the dynamic business environment of Pakistan, corporate governance remains a critical aspect that determines the sustainability and success of companies. The landscape of corporate governance is continuously evolving, with…
The provisions elucidated in the Nadra Ordinance 2000 meticulously delineate the framework for the registration of citizens, issuance of identity cards, and the requisite information to be furnished to the…
The intricacies of family law become particularly pronounced when custody and divorce disputes involve foreign or overseas Pakistani parents. These cases often present unique challenges due to the interplay of…
The taxation landscape in Pakistan is governed by a complex framework of laws and regulations aimed at ensuring compliance and fairness in the tax system. The Income Tax Ordinance, 2001,…
In the complex landscape of taxation in Pakistan, the management and resolution of tax liabilities during events such as bankruptcy, winding up, and discontinuance of business are critical considerations for…
The tax treatment of income from various sectors such as Oil, Gas, Petroleum (including both Upstream and Downstream Petroleum), Mining, Energy, and Alternative Energy is governed by specific provisions within…
This Q & A is for Client Information purposes only.If you need specific advice on ‘Taxation of Mergers and Acquisitions in Pakistan’ please email us at aemen@joshandmak.com Q1: What is…
Pakistan’s upstream oil and gas sector is governed by a complex regulatory framework designed to attract both local and foreign investment. This sector plays a crucial role in the country’s…
Introduction to Taxation of Companies in Pakistan: Q&A Compilation The taxation of companies in Pakistan is governed by a comprehensive legal framework outlined in the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001. This…
In recent years, the digital economy has seen exponential growth, with a significant number of individuals and businesses engaging in IT services, online forums, and freelancing activities. This shift towards…
In the complex landscape of international taxation, understanding the intricacies of how foreign source income and the income of non-residents are taxed in Pakistan is crucial for individuals and entities…
Josh and Mak International is available to assist individuals and businesses with a wide range of issues, from compliance matters to civil service laws. The list is well and truly…
The Model Supplemental Agreement to the Petroleum Concession Agreement (PCA) for the adoption of S.R.O. 641(I)/2023 represents a critical legal instrument in the energy sector of Pakistan. This agreement aims…
Introduction The term “Startup” refers to a new business venture where entrepreneurs and companies combine their skills, ideas, and financial resources to generate new business activity with higher returns. Startups…
The Fifth Schedule pertains to the rules and regulations for the computation of profits and gains from the exploration and production of petroleum, as well as the exploration and extraction…
As part of our ongoing commitment to provide transparent and comprehensive legal advice, we are pleased to present an in-depth look at the Block Award Process for the grant of…
If you have any queries please contact us at aemen@joshandmak.com Q: What is the legal basis for the registration of petroleum rights documents in Pakistan? A: The legal basis for…
The Vital Role of Trees and Relevant Laws in Punjab, Pakistan The Importance of Trees in Combatting Environmental Pollution Trees are crucial in mitigating environmental pollution, providing numerous benefits such…
Introduction At Josh and Mak International, we provide expert legal assistance in understanding and navigating contractual agreements, particularly within the energy sector. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the…
Josh and Mak International is a premier law firm based in Islamabad, Pakistan, renowned for its expertise in drafting, reviewing, and negotiating complex commercial agreements, including Sales and Purchase Agreements…
The Balochistan Mineral Rules 2002 serve as a comprehensive legal framework governing mineral exploration, mining operations, and the management of mineral resources in the province of Balochistan, Pakistan. These rules…
This agreement under discussion is a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) standradised by the PPIB involving three primary parties: the Central Power Purchasing Agency (Guarantee) Limited (acting on behalf of the…
The cornerstones of good Energy Purchase Agreements (EPAs) and Implementation Agreements (IAs) for small hydropower projects are essential to ensure the successful development, operation, and maintenance of such projects. These…
A Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) and an Implementation Agreement (IA) serve distinct but complementary roles in the context of power generation projects. Here’s a detailed differentiation between the two: Power…
The Government of Pakistan, recognising the critical need for sustainable and affordable energy solutions, has established the Framework Guidelines for Fast Track Solar PV Initiatives 2022. These guidelines aim to…
Our team has recently compiled some Q & A’s on the Baluchistan Mineral Policy 2019.If you have queries contact us at aemen@joshandmak.com Q: What is the primary objective of the…
This article provides a comprehensive guide for potential mining investors in Balochistan, highlighting the key stages of a mining project from initiation to completion, and the ancillary requirements essential for…
The “Mechanism for Determination of Tariff for Hydropower Projects” issued by NEPRA outlines a structured approach to establishing tariffs for hydropower projects, ensuring a transparent, objective, and predictable process. The…
Introduction The Private Power and Infrastructure Board (PPIB) under the Ministry of Water & Power, Government of Pakistan, presents the Guidelines for Setting Up Private Power Projects under the Short…
The strategic development of Pakistan’s oil and gas sector is critical for the nation’s energy security, economic growth, and sustainable development. The Oil and Gas Development Plan of Pakistan, as…
The Model Petroleum Exploration Licence in Pakistan, governed by the Pakistan Onshore Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Rules, 2013, provides a comprehensive legal framework for the exploration and exploitation of petroleum…
The Model Production Sharing Agreements (PSA) of 2003 and 2023 are critical legal frameworks governing petroleum exploration and production in Pakistan. These agreements establish the terms and conditions under which…
Pakistan’s Hydel Potential The hydel power potential of Pakistan is substantial and remains significantly untapped, despite the country’s abundance of water resources. Primarily located in the northern regions, the hydel…
At Josh and Mak International, we strive to provide our clients with comprehensive and insightful legal analysis. This article aims to dissect the Hydel Power Policy of 1995, introduced by…
The Transmission Line Policy of 1995 represents the Government of Pakistan’s (GOP) strategic initiative to address the escalating demands on the country’s electrical transmission infrastructure. This policy was formulated in…
As a prominent law firm committed to providing insightful legal guidance, Josh and Mak International presents a detailed comparative analysis of Pakistan’s Power Policies of 1994, 1998, and 2002. This…
The Renewable Energy (RE) Policy for Development of Power Generation 2006 represents a significant milestone in Pakistan’s efforts to enhance its power generation capacity through renewable energy sources. This policy,…
The National Policy for Power Co-Generation by Sugar Industry (the Co-Gen Policy), notified in January 2008, aims to harness the potential of Pakistan’s sugar industry to contribute to the national…
The National Power Policy 2013, developed by Pakistan’s Ministry of Water and Power, aims to address the country’s acute energy crisis and lay the foundation for a sustainable, efficient, and…
Pakistan’s Power Generation Policy 2015, notified on April 3, 2015, aims to address the country’s acute energy shortages and ensure a reliable, affordable, and sustainable electricity supply. This policy was…
The Alternative & Renewable Energy (ARE) Policy 2019 of Pakistan, notified on October 2, 2020, aims to foster the development and integration of alternative and renewable energy technologies (ARETs) into…
The National Electricity Policy 2021 (NEP 2021) of Pakistan is a comprehensive framework designed to address the critical challenges faced by the country’s power sector. This policy aims to ensure…
(1) Application of Shahtaj Sugar Mills Limited for Review of Generation Tariff dated January 02, 2017 Notified Vide SRO No. 453(I)/2017 dated June 07, 2017 before NEPRA in respect of…
At Josh and Mak International, we prioritise our clients’ awareness and understanding of the legal frameworks governing various aspects of energy consumption. This article delves into the intricacies of dishonest…
In response to the growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in Pakistan, the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) has established a comprehensive regulatory framework to facilitate the deployment and…
The Registration (Manner and Conditions for Entities Providing Electric Power Services) Rules, 2023, promulgated by the Government of Pakistan under the Ministry of Energy (Power Division), outline the procedural and…
The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) has established various sets of rules for the eligibility criteria of different licenses in the electric power sector. These rules encompass the distribution,…
The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) (Market Operator Registration, Standards and Procedure) Rules, 2015, along with their subsequent amendments, establish the framework for the registration and regulation of market…
The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) established the Complaint Handling and Dispute Resolution (Procedure) Rules, 2015, to provide a structured process for addressing complaints and resolving disputes within the…
The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) has established specific performance standards for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power in Pakistan. These standards are designed to ensure the…
The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) (Fines) Rules, 2002, establish a framework for imposing fines on entities that violate the provisions of the Regulation of Generation, Transmission and Distribution…
The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) has established distinct sets of rules for licensing generation and distribution of electric power in Pakistan: the NEPRA Licensing (Generation) Rules, 2000 and…
The NEPRA (Tariff Standards and Procedure) Rules, 1998, are crucial regulations governing the determination, modification, and enforcement of tariffs in the electric power sector of Pakistan. These rules, issued under…
The Regulation of Generation, Transmission, and Distribution of Electric Power Act, 1997 (hereinafter referred to as the “NEPRA Act”), is a pivotal legislative instrument aimed at governing the generation, transmission,…
The regulation of the Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) sector in Pakistan is overseen by the Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) under the OGRA Ordinance, 2002, and the CNG (Production…
The regulation of natural gas and related activities in Pakistan falls under the jurisdiction of the Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA), established under the OGRA Ordinance, 2002. This regulatory…
The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) is the primary body responsible for regulating the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) sector in Pakistan. The regulation is conducted under the OGRA Ordinance,…
The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) regulates the LPG sector under the OGRA Ordinance, 2002, and the LPG (Production & Distribution) Rules, 2001. Since its inception on 15th March…
The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) is the primary body responsible for regulating the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) sector in Pakistan. Established under the OGRA Ordinance, 2002, and the…
The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) plays a pivotal role in regulating the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) sector in Pakistan, under the OGRA Ordinance, 2002, and the LPG (Production…
Introduction The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) is the principal regulatory body overseeing the LPG and LNG sectors in Pakistan. Established under the OGRA Ordinance, 2002, OGRA has been…
Q1: What types of licences can be applied for regulated activities related to Natural Gas, RLNG, Flared Gas, and LNG? A: Licences for these regulated activities are specified in Schedule-I…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the complexities and stringent requirements involved in obtaining licences in the oil sector. This article provides a detailed guide on how to obtain…
(a) Licence for a New Lubricants Marketing Company Obtaining a licence for establishing a new Lubricants Marketing Company (LMC) in Pakistan involves several critical steps and compliance with regulatory requirements.…
(A) Licence for Construction or Operation of New Oil Storage Introduction Establishing a new oil storage facility in Pakistan involves a comprehensive application process governed by the Oil and Gas…
(A) Licence for Construction and Operation of New Oil Pipeline Introduction Establishing a new oil pipeline in Pakistan involves adhering to the guidelines set forth by the Oil and Gas…
(a) Licence for Construction and Operation of a New Oil Refinery Obtaining a licence for the construction and operation of a new oil refinery in Pakistan involves several steps and…
Licensing a New Oil Marketing Company Establishing a new Oil Marketing Company (OMC) in Pakistan involves a comprehensive process governed by the Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA). This article…
The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) of Pakistan is tasked with the regulation of the mid and downstream oil sector. This regulatory oversight extends to a wide range of…
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Mineral Development Policy 2022 is a comprehensive framework aimed at fostering sustainable and inclusive growth in the mineral sector of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This policy outlines strategic…
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Mining Rules, 2017, were established under the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Minerals Sector Governance Act, 2016. These rules provide a comprehensive framework for the governance of mineral resources…
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Royalty Auction Rules, 2017 (the “Rules”), were established by the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to regulate the auction process for the collection of royalties on minerals. These…
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Minerals and Minor Minerals (Temporary Permit) Rules, 2020 (the “Rules”), were notified by the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to regulate the temporary usage of minerals and minor…
The Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has introduced comprehensive Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in 2023 for the usage of explosives within the province. These SOPs aim to ensure the safe and…
The Consolidated Mines Rules, 2022, promulgated by the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, serve as a comprehensive regulatory framework governing the operation, safety, and management of coal and metalliferous mines within…
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mines Safety, Inspection and Regulation Act, 2019 (the “Act”) represents a significant legislative effort to enhance the safety, health, and regulatory compliance within the mining industry of…
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Metalliferous Mines Rules, 2022 (the “Rules”) are a comprehensive set of regulations intended to govern the metalliferous mining activities in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. While the Rules…
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mines Rescue & Training Rules, 2022, have been established by the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa under the authority of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mines Safety, Inspection and Regulation…
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mining of Minor Minerals from River Bed Rules, 2022, establish a comprehensive framework for the mining of minor minerals from river beds, nullahs, streams, and abandoned streams…
Hydrocarbon and Mining Opportunities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), a province in the northwest of Pakistan, is endowed with significant natural resources, making it a promising region for…
The Punjab Mining Concession Rules 2002 (“Rules”), as amended up to January 2023, are a comprehensive legal framework governing the exploration, extraction, and management of mineral resources within the Punjab…
Punjab is endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources that contribute significantly to the industrial and construction sectors. This article provides an overview of key minerals found in Punjab,…
Mining Concessions under Large Scale Mining Overview Mining concessions for large scale mining undertakings in Pakistan are governed by a comprehensive set of regulations that ensure the orderly, safe, and…
The Model Petroleum Concession Agreement (PCA) of 1994 is a foundational document in Pakistan’s oil and gas sector, providing a framework for the exploration, development, and production of petroleum resources.…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide comprehensive legal guidance on regulatory frameworks within the energy sector. This article offers a detailed overview of the “Tight Gas (Exploration & Production)…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide comprehensive legal guidance on regulatory frameworks within the energy sector. This article offers a detailed overview of the “Low BTU Gas Pricing Policy,…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide comprehensive legal guidance on regulatory frameworks within the energy sector. This article offers a detailed overview of the “Flare Gas Utilization Guidelines, 2016,”…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide comprehensive legal guidance on regulatory frameworks within the energy sector. This article offers a detailed overview of the “Marginal/Stranded Gas Fields – Gas…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide comprehensive legal guidance on regulatory frameworks within the energy sector. This article offers a detailed overview of the “Natural Gas Regulated Third Party…
At Josh and Mak International, we strive to provide detailed legal guidance on regulatory frameworks within the energy sector. This article offers a comprehensive overview of the “Technical Standards for…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide comprehensive legal guidance on regulatory frameworks within the energy sector. This article offers a detailed overview of the “Technical Standards for Oil Refineries,”…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide comprehensive legal guidance on regulatory frameworks within the energy sector. This article offers a detailed overview of the “Technical Standards for Petroleum Industry…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide detailed legal guidance on regulatory frameworks within the energy sector. This article offers a comprehensive overview of the “Oil Transportation (Pipeline) Technical Standards,”…
At Josh and Mak International, we are committed to providing detailed legal guidance on regulatory and technical standards within the energy sector. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the…
Standard Technical Specifications for Equipment and Materials At Josh and Mak International, we are committed to providing detailed legal guidance on regulatory and technical standards within the energy sector. This…
At Josh and Mak International, we strive to provide comprehensive legal guidance on regulatory standards within the energy sector. This article offers an in-depth overview of the Natural Gas Distribution…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide comprehensive legal guidance on regulatory standards within the energy sector. This article offers an in-depth overview of the Performance and Service Standards Regulations,…
At Josh and Mak International, we are dedicated to providing comprehensive legal advice on regulatory standards within the energy sector. This article provides an in-depth overview of the Natural Gas…
At Josh and Mak International, we are committed to providing detailed legal guidance on regulatory and technical standards for the energy sector. This article offers a comprehensive overview of the…
At Josh and Mak International, we are committed to providing detailed legal guidance on regulatory and technical standards for various industries. This article offers a comprehensive overview of the technical…
At Josh and Mak International, we pride ourselves on providing thorough and detailed legal advice on regulatory and technical compliance for energy projects. This article provides an exhaustive overview of…
At Josh and Mak International, we are dedicated to providing comprehensive legal guidance on various contractual agreements within the energy sector. This article offers a detailed analysis of the contract…
At Josh and Mak International, we specialise in providing legal guidance on contractual agreements within the energy sector. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the contract for the supply…
At Josh and Mak International, we are committed to providing our clients with in-depth legal insights and guidance on various contractual agreements within the energy sector. This article provides a…
At Josh and Mak International, we specialise in providing legal insights and support for various contractual agreements within the energy sector. This article offers a detailed analysis of the contract…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide expert legal assistance in understanding and navigating contractual agreements, particularly within the energy sector. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the contract…
Introduction At Josh and Mak International, we provide expert legal advice on various contractual agreements within the energy sector, including the supply of natural gas. This article details the contract…
Introduction At Josh and Mak International, we provide expert legal advice and support in navigating regulatory frameworks, including those established by the Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA). The Complaint…
Introduction At Josh and Mak International, we provide comprehensive legal advice and support to clients in the oil and gas sector. This article aims to elucidate the Natural Gas (Wellhead…
The above-mentioned framework is crucial for understanding the regulatory and operational procedures set by the Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) and the Ministry of Energy (Petroleum Division) of Pakistan.…
At Josh and Mak International, we aim to provide our clients with clear and comprehensive insights into critical legal documents and agreements. Here, we present an in-depth examination of the…
Introduction The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) has introduced the “Procedure for Appeals Regulations, 2024” to streamline the process for handling appeals within the regulatory framework established by the…
Overview The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) of Pakistan, under the auspices of the OGRA Ordinance, 2002, formulated the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Rules in 2007. These rules, codified…
Introduction The Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Production and Distribution) Rules, 2001, initially formulated under the framework established by the Government of Pakistan, are pivotal for regulating the production, storage, transportation, and…
Introduction The Government of Pakistan, through the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, promulgated the Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) (Production and Marketing) Rules, 1992. These rules, notified on May 13,…
At Josh and Mak International, we prioritise keeping our clients informed about the latest regulatory changes in the oil and gas sector. This article provides a detailed comparison of the…
Introduction The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) was established under the OGRA Ordinance of 2000, which aimed to create a regulatory framework for Pakistan’s oil and gas sector. The…
Introduction The Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Policy 2011 was crafted to address the acute gas shortages in Pakistan by facilitating LNG imports. Pakistan’s energy policy aims to ensure a sustainable,…
OGRA’s document titled “Tariff Regime for Regulated Natural Gas Sector in Pakistan” provides comprehensive guidelines and methodologies established by the Oil & Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) for determining and regulating…
Introduction Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is an environment-friendly mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily propane and butane, which is used extensively as a fuel. Over the years, the Government of Pakistan has…
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily propane and butane, which is colourless and odourless in its natural state. To facilitate leak detection, ethyl mercaptan, a pungent-smelling…
Background The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) of Pakistan, through its Gas (Third Party Access) Rules, 2018 (TPA Rules, 2018) and the Pakistan Gas Network Code (Code), has established…
The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) Licensing Rules, 2002, established a comprehensive framework for the regulation of the natural gas sector in Pakistan. These rules were formulated under the…
Introduction The Petroleum Act, 1934 is a foundational legislative document in Pakistan, designed to regulate the import, transport, storage, production, refining, and blending of petroleum and other inflammable substances. Enacted…
Introduction The Petroleum Products (Development Surcharge) Rules, 1967, were established by the Government of Pakistan to regulate the development surcharge on petroleum products. These rules were notified in the Gazette…
Introduction The Petroleum Products (Development Surcharge) Rules, 1967, govern the imposition and collection of development surcharges on petroleum products in Pakistan. These rules, established under the Petroleum Products (Development Surcharge)…
In Pakistan, mining activities are primarily conducted by small-scale operations such as sole proprietorships, partnerships, and some private limited companies. Medium and large-scale mining activities are undertaken by private limited…
At Josh and Mak International, we specialize in providing legal advice on taxation matters in the power, mining, and energy sectors. Our expert team regularly assists companies operating in these…
Pakistan’s mineral resources are abundant and varied, making the mining sector a significant contributor to the national economy. The regulatory framework governing this sector has evolved over time, aiming to…
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a colourless, odourless, and environmentally friendly mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily propane and butane. It exists in a gaseous state at normal temperature and pressure but…
Pakistan’s Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Policy of 2011 was developed to address the growing demand for natural gas amidst limited indigenous supplies. The policy aims to facilitate the importation, storage,…
Pakistan’s Natural Gas Allocation and Management Policy, 2005, is a cornerstone document designed to address the efficient and effective utilization of the country’s limited natural gas resources. Given the increasing…
Introduction The Pakistan Oil Refining Policy 2023 for New Greenfield Refineries marks a significant step towards strengthening the country’s refining sector. The policy aims to address the growing demand for…
Introduction The Government of Pakistan has recently amended its Brownfield Refinery Policy, reflecting significant changes aimed at modernizing and expanding the country’s refining sector. This article critically compares the old…
The Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Policy of Pakistan, 2024, presents a comprehensive framework to address the evolving energy needs and market dynamics of the country. This policy, formulated by the…
Overview of LPG Policy and Regulations Paradigms Deregulated Regime (2000 to 2018) In June 2000, the Federal Government of Pakistan decided to deregulate the LPG industry to make it more…
1. Energy Mix of Pakistan Pakistan’s energy mix has historically relied heavily on non-renewable energy sources, including fossil fuels such as oil, coal, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).…
The Foreign Investment (Promotion and Protection) Act 2022 represents a significant legislative effort by the Pakistani government to create a favorable environment for foreign investments, particularly in strategic sectors such…
Who Owns Oil and Gas in Pakistan? The Constitutional and Statutory Evolution of Petroleum Rights The question of who “owns” petroleum in Pakistan appears deceptively simple. In reality, the legal…
The evolution of the Onshore Petroleum Rules in Pakistan reflects significant regulatory developments aimed at enhancing petroleum exploration and production. This comparative analysis focuses on the key differences and improvements…
Introduction The Government of Pakistan has a long history of issuing policies concerning various sectors, including the petroleum sector. These policies are essentially statements of government objectives and do not…
The Onshore Rules 2001 represent a significant update from the Onshore Rules 1986, reflecting the evolving landscape of petroleum exploration and production in Pakistan. The key changes and updates in…
Introduction At Josh and Mak International, we provide our clients with detailed insights into the regulatory frameworks governing the petroleum sector in Pakistan. This article compares the Pakistan Petroleum (Production)…
The Offshore Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) of 2003, a cornerstone for offshore hydrocarbon exploration in Pakistan, exhibits several characteristics that align with international standards. However, certain elements may benefit from…
As a leading law firm, Josh and Mak International recognises the importance of understanding the implications of recent amendments to legal frameworks governing the petroleum sector. The Model Petroleum Concession…
The revised Petroleum Policy of 2012, amended in March 2024, introduces several key changes aimed at enhancing the regulatory framework, incentivising exploration, and promoting local employment and social welfare. This…
We help clients in the oil and gas sector navigate the complexities of the Tight Gas (Exploration and Production) Policy 2024, ensuring compliance, optimising benefits, and mitigating risks. Questions? Contact…
The Regulation of Mines and Oilfields and Mineral Development (Government Control) Act, 1948 The Regulation of Mines and Oilfields and Mineral Development (Government Control) Act, 1948, commonly referred to as…
As an esteemed oil and gas law firm, Josh and Mak International is dedicated to offering comprehensive legal support in the energy sector, particularly within the dynamic and evolving landscape…
Introduction In the rapidly evolving landscape of petroleum exploration and production, regulatory frameworks must adapt to address new challenges and opportunities. The Government of Pakistan recently introduced the Offshore Rules…
How We Assist Private Clients and Foreign Companies in Enforcing Foreign Judgments in Pakistan At our law firm, we specialise in providing comprehensive legal services to private clients and foreign…
Wedlock Policy in the Context of Civil Service in Pakistan The wedlock policy in Pakistan aims to facilitate the joint postings of married couples in civil service to minimize the…
At Josh and Mak International, we are pleased to provide our clients with expert legal advice on the FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build (Yellow Book). This contract…
Contact for Further Assistance For deeper insights and personalized legal advice on adopting and adapting FIDIC Conditions of Contract for your specific projects, do not hesitate to contact our expert…
For detailed guidance on Clauses of the FIDIC Conditions of Contract (Red Book) or any other aspects of construction law, please contact us at aemen@joshandmak.com. Our team at Josh and…
This Client Information Article is meant to be a general guide on opening a bank account in Pakistan for our individual clients and entity clients.The process of each bank many…
Josh and Mak International offers comprehensive legal services tailored to clients engaging in projects governed by FIDIC Silver book on EPC/Turnkey Contracts. With a deep understanding of the intricacies of…
Josh and Mak International, with its expertise in international law and commercial contracts, is exceptionally positioned to assist international clients in the drafting and vetting of international supplier agreements. Our…
Josh and Mak International offers an extensive suite of legal services tailored to the drafting of international reseller contracts, ensuring that clients engage in global commerce with confidence and legal…
If you are unsatisfied with your current Staff Handbook for your NGO/INGO please get in touch for a FREE evaluation with us at aemen@joshandmak.com or WhatsApp +92-304-8734889 We advise NGO’s…
Expert Legal Opinions for Pakistani and Overseas Clients At Josh and Mak International, we are committed to providing top-tier legal services to both local and international clients. Our team, driven…
In the realm of legal affairs, the Power of Attorney (PoA) is a vital document that delegates authority from one individual, known as the principal, to another, termed as the…
A Power of Attorney is one of the most useful legal instruments in Pakistan, and one of the most frequently misunderstood. It can allow a person living in London, Dubai,…
Going through the complexities of financial instruments is crucial for individuals and businesses alike. Among these instruments, blank cheques hold a unique position due to their convenience and the inherent…
Last reviewed: August 2026 A legal notice is often the first formal step taken when a commercial, contractual, property, employment, consumer or reputational dispute can no longer be resolved through…
Contracts are the legal architecture of commerce. They allocate obligations, distribute risk, establish payment and performance standards and determine what is to happen when a business relationship does not proceed…
In the sea of insurance litigation, the concept of liquidated damages has evolved as a significant tool for the protection of policyholders’ rights. The cases cited from the Supreme Court…
In the dynamic landscape of Pakistani commerce, commercial lease agreements stand as a cornerstone of business operations, big and small. Navigating through these agreements can be a daunting task, fraught…
On December 12, 2023, Pakistan marked a significant achievement by officially signing the Marrakesh Treaty. This momentous event, held at the Aiwan-e-Sadr, saw President Dr. Arif Alvi reaffirm Pakistan’s commitment…
Update: As of now, coal power regulation in Pakistan involves both the Private Power and Infrastructure Board (PPIB) and the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA). The PPIB acts as…
At Josh and Mak International, we pride ourselves on offering an extensive range of legal services tailored to meet the diverse needs of our clients. With an unwavering commitment to…
In Pakistani law, as in many other legal systems influenced by Islamic principles, the concepts of dower (“Mahr” in Islamic law) and dowry are distinct, each serving a different purpose…
Order VII rule 11 of the Civil Procedure Code reads as follows: 11. The plaint shall be rejected in the following cases:- a) where it does not disclose a cause…
Appeal number 5048/2022 titled Muhammad Sultan Mehmood vs. Additional IGP, South Punjab adjudicated by the Punjab Service Tribunal, centres on the procedural irregularities and the legal missteps in the departmental…
Divorce proceedings often involve complex and emotionally charged disputes over assets, particularly in cases involving allegations of snatching gold ornaments, a significant issue in many South Asian cultures. A series…
This review of recent case citations offers a comprehensive overview of how various High Courts in Pakistan approach applications for recalling ex parte orders under Rule 13 of the Civil…
Introduction to Extradition in International Law Extradition stands as a cornerstone in the edifice of international law, representing a crucial mechanism for maintaining global justice and security. At its core,…
Real estate partnerships, when structured effectively, can be a powerful vehicle for both growth and risk mitigation. However, achieving a fair balance for all parties involved requires careful planning, clear…
Key Terms for an Effective Exclusivity Agreement Internationally Introduction: In the business world, exclusivity agreements are a powerful tool, forging strong partnerships while providing mutual benefits. These agreements, however, demand…
Josh and Mak International, as a law firm in Pakistan with a focus on client satisfaction and effective communication, offers a comprehensive range of legal services related to willful default,…
Josh and Mak International effectively caters to the needs of both financial institutions and borrowers, ensuring comprehensive legal support in the specialized field of banking litigation and finance recovery under…
This Client Information Article is aimed at discussing successful remedies for owners of commercial and residential property, having their premises sealed through government action.In analysing the cases concerning the sealing…
Proforma defendants are those who are named in a legal action but are not expected to be active participants in the litigation. They are included because they may have an…
In the pursuit of justice, the courts in Pakistan face the perpetual challenge of balancing the scales between due process and expeditious resolution of cases. The practice of seeking adjournments,…
Our Law Firm Josh and Mak International offers a comprehensive suite of legal services related to legal obligations and liabilities arising from the Post-Dated Cheques in business transactions : Legal…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide an array of legal services designed to support our clients through the complexities of marital contracts and the implications thereof. Our approach to…
Initially, the Control of Narcotic Substances Act, 1997 had provisions in Section 9 that dealt with punishments for contraventions of Sections 6, 7, and 8. The punishments were based on…
The Shia law of inheritance in Pakistan has been the subject of numerous cases that have been adjudicated by various courts across the country. The first set of cases cited…
ACT NO. XXXVIII OF 2023 CONTROL OF NARCOTICS SUBSTANCES (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2023 An Act further to amend the Control of Narcotics Substances Act, 1997 No. F. 22(10)/2022-Legis., dated 4.8.2023.–The following…
Lis pendens is a Latin term that translates to “pending litigation.” In legal terms, it refers to a doctrine that ensures any property subject to ongoing litigation cannot be transferred…
The Punjab Prohibition of Interest on Private Loans Act: An Overview The Punjab Prohibition of Interest on Private Loans Act 2022, commonly referred to as the PPI Act, is a…
The consolidation of suits is a critical feature in the management of civil proceedings. In Pakistan, this is governed by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC), which serves as…
Fraud and Misrepresentation in Pakistani Case Law: A Review of Recent Judgments from 2023 In the complex tapestry of legal proceedings, few concepts are as contested and consequential as fraud…
Frivolous litigation and malicious prosecution are both legal concepts that revolve around the misuse of the judicial process. However, their nature, motivations, and implications differ. The intersection between these two…
In the realm of commercial transactions and business practices, competition law plays a pivotal role in ensuring a level playing field, fostering economic efficiency, and safeguarding consumer interests against detrimental…
Update: A lot of queries have come up, asking about the power of court to block CNIC in a civil matter.This power comes from an amended first schedule of the…
****Law on Permission to Sell a Minor’s property**** This Client Information Article discusses the powers of a Guardian to sale the property of a minor. The sections of the Guardians…
What is the difference between Absconders and Proclaimed offenders in Pakistani law? In Pakistani law, there is a clear distinction between absconders and proclaimed offenders, both terms used to describe…
In the legal sphere, a consent decree is a resolution between parties involved in a lawsuit, agreed to by the parties and sanctioned by the court. Generally, an appeal against…
Perpetuity in law generally refers to a situation or condition which is meant to exist indefinitely without an end. This concept has been illustrated through the mentioned citations in various…
Section 9 of the NATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY ORDINANCE 1999 (a) A holder of a public office, or any other person, is said to commit or to have committed the offence of…
Introduction In the realm of legal safeguards against property-related crimes in Pakistan, the Illegal Dispossession Act, 2005 stands as a formidable shield to protect the rights of lawful property owners…
We have recently received a lot of queries from the general public, especially members of the Sindh Police regarding major and minor penalties imposed upon them and possible remedies. We…
Background to Transparency and Right to information Legislation in Pakistan In a nation grappling with persistent reports of corruption within official circles, Pakistan’s journey towards enacting Right to Information (RTI)…
Update 2022: The latest Government Policy on Upgradation supersedes Establishment Division’s OM No. 8/36 2000-R-1 dated 20-01-2001: OM No. 8/36/2000-R-1 dated 03-02-2001: OM No. 8/36 2000-R-1 dated 11-09-2018 and others…
Embracing the Future: Pakistan’s National AI Policy In the fast-evolving landscape of technological advancements, one particular force is reshaping the world as we know it – Artificial Intelligence (AI). Recognizing…
Meta, formerly known as Facebook, has been making strides in the world of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with the release of its powerful LLaMa 2 model. However, there has been a…
Josh and Mak International, being a full-service law firm, offer a range of legal services to individuals and companies in Pakistan and abroad in the realm of copyrights and related…
Josh and Mak International can offer a range of legal services related to industrial design protection and intellectual property rights in Pakistan. Some of the services they can provide to…
Legal Advisory Note: Regulation of International NGOs (“INGOs”) in Pakistan Note: If your INGO is having problems understanding the 2015 INGO policy or the checklist accompanying it, feel free to…
Artificial Intelligence (AI) image generators, like Midjourney, Stable Diffusion, and DALL-E 2, have impressed us with their ability to create stunning images rapidly. However, these AI tools often struggle with…
The Right to Privacy in the Pakistani Workplace The right to privacy, defined as “freedom from unauthorized and unreasonable intrusion into individuals’ personal affairs,” is recognized as a fundamental right…
Legal Advice on Data Protection Laws in Pakistan by Josh and Mak International As a leading law firm in Pakistan, Josh and Mak International offers expert legal advice on data…
Do you suspect that a family member or friend is being targeted by a human trafficker in Pakistan? Have you had a similar experience yourself? Get in touch with us…
Have you or your friends/family been affected by the predatory lending practices of lenders in Pakistan? Reach out to us and share your experience with us at aemen@joshandmak.com Legal Update…
It is indeed true that the next generation of intellectual property disputes may witness unique challenges related to AI-generated content. As AI technology continues to advance, we may see accusations…
AI is revolutionizing various industries, offering tremendous potential for cost efficiencies, time savings, and improved profitability. From computer vision and translation to cybersecurity and drug discovery, AI has brought about…
The Clarkson Law Firm v. OpenAI class action highlights key legal and ethical challenges in the rapidly evolving field of artificial intelligence, specifically relating to the use of personal data…
The Easy Exit Regulations stipulate that all private and public unlisted companies, including associations not for profit licensed under section 42 of the Companies Ordinance, 1984/Companies Act 2017, can file…
Are you following the OceanGate Titan Submersible Disaster? Have legal questions? Get in touch at aemen@joshandmak.com Background to the Disappearance of Underwater Vehicle (UV) Titan This legal note addresses the…
Important Update: With effect from 1 January 2026, Josh and Mak International no longer offers free consultations or pro bono legal advice. This decision reflects a deliberate and principled shift…
At Josh and Mak International, we believe in providing accessible legal support to everyone. That’s why we are thrilled to announce our initiative to offer FREE legal advice in Pakistan!…
Property transfers in Pakistan require meticulous attention to legal details and adherence to the applicable laws and regulations. With our comprehensive legal services and expert advice, you can navigate the…
Quashment or Quashing of FIR (First Information Report) refers to the process of seeking the cancellation or dismissal of an FIR filed against an individual in Pakistani law. An FIR…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the intricacies of Islamic law and its impact on matters of inheritance. Pakistani Inheritance is based entirely on Shariah (Islamic law).A common query…
Delays in payment for land purchases in Pakistan can be a challenging issue to navigate, but there are legal remedies available to enforce the terms of the contract and protect…
Update from 2023: We wrote the original article a while back when the NADRA Succession Certificate Service was not available.At this point legal heirs in Islamabad, KPK, Sindh and Punjab…
Important Update: Important Update: With effect from 1 January 2026, Josh and Mak International no longer offers free consultations or pro bono legal advice. This decision reflects a deliberate and…
Introduction Company registration in Pakistan is a crucial step for entrepreneurs and businesses looking to establish a legal presence in the country. The process, governed by the Companies Act, 2017,…
The Zainab Alert, Recovery and Response Act, 2020 is a law passed by the government of Pakistan aimed at preventing and responding to cases of child abduction, abuse, and exploitation.…
Josh and Mak International can offer the following legal services to clients in Pakistan and abroad: Geographical Indications Registration and Protection: Josh and Mak International can assist clients in the…
Introduction Pakistan offers foreign investors access to one of the world’s largest consumer markets, a substantial working-age population, strategically located transport and trade corridors, a developed corporate and banking sector,…
In recent years, Pakistan has witnessed notable advancements in the regulatory landscape governing solar power, reflecting a concerted effort to promote renewable energy and address the nation’s energy challenges. Integration…
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnected network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and network connectivity, enabling them to collect and…
A non-solicitation clause is a type of contract clause that prohibits one party from soliciting the other party’s employees, customers, or suppliers. These clauses are often used by businesses to…
We receive a significant number of inquiries from both employers and employees seeking clarification on the enforceability of Non-Compete and Non-Disclosure Contracts (NCDAs) in Pakistan. Additionally, there is a considerable…
Bait-and-switch is an unethical sales tactic commonly employed in various industries, including the property market in Pakistan. It involves enticing potential customers with attractive offers or deals, only to switch…
Here are some product and service development best practices for avoiding data protection legal risk in the development phase of robotics and AI systems: By following these best practices, companies…
There are a number of legal implications for the owners of facial recognition systems and the public when these systems are used in public spaces without clear accountability or oversight.…
The emergence of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) has created a fascinating interplay between technology, commerce, and law. NFTs, digital assets representing ownership of unique items or rights on a blockchain, have…
Negligence is a legal concept that refers to the failure to take reasonable care that results in harm to another person. In the AI era, there is a growing debate…
Our legal acumen pertaining to Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotics, LLMs, Deep Learning, and Machine Learning involves an in-depth understanding of the legal issues that arise from the use of these…
Security breaches are inevitable, but there are steps that AI and robotics companies can take to mitigate the risk and minimize the impact of a breach. Here are some key…
Whether you are a business incubator, a start-up or venture capitalist, we can advise you on your business incubator contract. Have an incubator contract to review? Email us now at…
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a comprehensive data protection law that came into effect on 25 May 2018, replacing the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. While primarily aimed at…
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 is a law in Pakistan that aims to provide equal rights to transgender people and to safeguard their rights through legal recognition.…
The digital power of attorney (PoA) service from NADRA in Pakistan is a secure and convenient way for overseas Pakistanis to grant power of attorney to someone in Pakistan. The…
Ijazat Aap Ki (Your Permission) is a service launched by the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) in Pakistan in March 2023. The service allows citizens to give their consent…
Whether it is the case of a judgement-debtor who simply will not pay, or that of a spouse in a divorce keen on hiding their assets, proving someone has a…
Yes, a machine can convince another machine that it is human. This is known as a machine-to-machine Turing test. In a machine-to-machine Turing test, two machines are placed in separate…
An Employee Invention Assignment and Confidentiality Agreement (EIACA) is a legal contract between an employee and an employer that outlines the employee’s obligations regarding inventions and confidential information. The EIACA…
Crafting the Perfect Influencer Agreement: A Comprehensive Guide (updated December 2023) In the dynamic realm of influencer marketing, particularly in Australia, the importance of a well-structured Influencer Agreement cannot be…
A beta agreement is a contract between a company and a beta tester that outlines the terms of the beta testing process. It is important for both parties to have…
A security and privacy addendum is a legally binding document that outlines the security and privacy obligations of the parties involved in a transaction.Data intensive online businesses generally display this…
If you or someone you know is being threatened or blackmailed by a deepfake video, please get in touch for legal consultation at aemen@joshandmak.comThe answer is yes, you can sue…
A Software as a Service (SaaS) agreement and an End-User License Agreement (EULA) are both legal contracts that govern the use of software. However, there are some key differences between…
The document “Policymaking in the Pause: What can policymakers do now to combat risks from advanced AI systems?” by the Future of Life Institute (FLI) provides a comprehensive overview of…
By including these provisions in the contract, both the chatbot developer and the customer can protect themselves from potential risks and ensure that the chatbot is used in a responsible…
Vicarious Liability and the Emergence of Chatbots In the age of digital transformation, the proliferation of chatbots has revolutionized the way businesses interact with customers. These AI-driven assistants are not…
Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots are becoming increasingly popular, as they offer a number of advantages over traditional customer service methods. However, the use of AI chatbots also raises a number…
The legal compliance required in an artificial intelligence project will vary depending on the specific project and the jurisdiction in which it is being developed and deployed. While our firm…
The Personal Data Protection Bill 2021 (PDPB) is a proposed law in Pakistan that aims to protect the privacy of personal data. The bill was introduced in the National Assembly…
Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning algorithms are trained on data, and they can then use that…
The Draft National Artificial Intelligence Policy of Pakistan is a policy framework that aims to promote the responsible and ethical use of artificial intelligence (AI) in Pakistan. The policy was…
Due diligence is the process of gathering information about a company before investing in it. It is important to do due diligence on any company, but it is especially important…
Due diligence is the process of gathering information about a property before buying it. It is important to do due diligence on any property, but it is especially important in…
Digital identity verification is the process of confirming the identity of an individual using digital means. It is often used to authenticate users for online transactions, such as banking and…
The ownership of intellectual property rights (IPR) in AI-generated works is a complex issue that is still being debated by legal experts. In general, IPR law in most countries recognizes…
The pros and cons of AI have been heavily debated with some people going to the extent of arguing that the age of AI is also the end of originality.It…
Geofencing is a location-based technology that creates a virtual boundary or perimeter around a real-world geographic area. It allows authorities, including the police, to define specific geographic zones and receive…
Message for the General Public: Welcome to our comprehensive guide on Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Registration in Pakistan. The first decision you must make upon arriving at this page is…
In the wake of the complications created by the COVID19 infection in Pakistan, the federal government has extended the validity of visa for foreign nationals stranded in Pakistan till the…
In these challenging times, we are dedicated to supporting small businesses in Pakistan and around the world. If you are facing any issues related to contracts, debt consolidation, debt recovery,…
The unfortunate event of an employee’s death can bring about emotional distress and present various practical legal challenges in the workplace, particularly if the employee had access to crucial documentation…
Every year, we receive numerous queries from foreign companies who feel they have been unfairly treated by local state departments in Pakistan during the bidding process for local contracts. The…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the attractiveness of Pakistan as a jurisdiction for bidding on procurement contracts, particularly for our clients operating internationally with corporate seats in key…
As the real estate market in Pakistan continues to attract overseas Pakistanis, it is crucial to address the concerns and challenges they face when buying or selling property. At our…
Don’t leave your contracts to chance! Getting your contract reviewed by legal experts has never been easier. Simply reach out to us at aemen@joshandmak.com. Our team will promptly respond to…
Unlock Secure Property Transactions with Josh and Mak International Are you considering buying property in Pakistan? Don’t take any chances when it comes to such a significant investment. Trust Josh…
Question: Hi, wanted to ask that in case of contracts for hiring of services, specifically for outsourced staff, is it allowed to incorporate in tender documents for Annual Contract that…
Question: Can a local company bid in foreign currency under international tenders in Pakistan? Answer: Yes, a local company in Pakistan is permitted to bid in foreign currency under international…
The Panama Papers scandal, which emerged in 2016, unveiled a labyrinth of offshore holdings linked to numerous global figures, including Pakistan’s then-Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif, and his family. The revelations…
When engaging in property transactions in Pakistan, conducting thorough legal due diligence is essential to ensure transparency, mitigate risks, and protect your interests. At Josh and Mak International, a leading…
Employers in Pakistan often face the dilemma of vetting prospective candidates through social media platforms, balancing the benefits of gaining valuable insights with the legal and ethical implications. This legal…
As a foreign EPC contractor intending to establish a legal entity in Lahore, Pakistan, to conduct EPC contracting business (residential and commercial buildings, waste water treatment, road, power, railways buildings),…
At Josh and Mak International, our team of qualified legal experts is dedicated to providing comprehensive guidance and assistance in various aspects of mining law in Pakistan, particularly in the…
In this publication we have provided an analysis of the critical differences manifesting between the new Companies Ordinance 2016 and the now repealed Companies Ordinance 1984. It is highly recommended…
At Josh and Mak International, we are excited to introduce our new specialist service in Competitive Bid Writing and Bid Management. As one of the leading teams of Procurement Consultants…
Updated 2024: The 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, enacted in 2010, was a landmark move towards decentralisation, aiming to empower provincial authorities and enhance local governance. However, its…
In the realm of dispute resolution in the Islamabad Capital Territory, court proceedings are often seen as the default option. However, it is crucial to consider alternative avenues such as…
In the ever-evolving landscape of company taxation, the intricacies can be overwhelming. Laws change frequently, and compliance is paramount. This is precisely why enlisting the services of a reputable legal…
In the context of Pakistani law, it is well-established that courts generally avoid awarding specific performance in personal services contracts. The Specific Relief Act of 1877 stands as a cornerstone…
By Barrister Aemen Zulfikar Maluka It is common to encounter, during contract review requests by clients, a contractor request for a limitation on liability for “intentional or criminal misconduct or…
Josh and Mak International, offers a comprehensive suite of legal services to address the various needs of both landlords and tenants. Legal Consultation and Advisory Services: Offer expert legal advice…
Navigating through the complex and regionally diverse legal landscape of the real estate sector in Pakistan can be a daunting task, especially for overseas Pakistanis and foreigners. The intricacies involved…
Updated Article Introduction In the realm of intellectual property, trademarks play a crucial role in distinguishing goods and services. Among the various symbols associated with trademarks, the ® (registered trademark)…
Josh and Mak International are well-equipped to provide expert legal advice and representation on issues related to stale cheques, dishonored cheques, debt recovery, legal notices for cheque dishonoring, lodging of…
A charitable or non-profit association with the aim of promoting health, social welfare, and charity can be established as a public company with limited liability under Section 42 of the…
NGO/NPO/Charities Registration in Pakistan Understanding the evolving legal framework for not-for-profit organizations (NPOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Pakistan Over the past five years, Pakistan has witnessed significant changes to…
When seeking legal advice and representation in Pakistan, it’s essential to find a good lawyer who possesses the right qualities to handle your case effectively. With numerous law firms in…
Due to the overwhelming amount of queries, we keep getting, we have set out a basic guide for setting up a petrol pump in Pakistan. If you wish to Open…
In the realm of public service, ensuring that government officers are treated fairly in terms of their postings and transfers is crucial. Recently, a significant legal case highlighted the plight…
NAB-Related Writ Petition for Suspension of Sentence: Section 426 Cr.P.C. Inapplicability in NAB Cases At Josh and Mak International, we recently handled a critical case involving a Writ Petition challenging…
Introduction to Q&A on Pakistani Tax Law Provisions Concerning International Taxation In an increasingly globalised economy, understanding the intricacies of international taxation is paramount for individuals and businesses operating across…
There is nobody better than the expert team at Josh and Mak International to guide you through the minefield that are the customs and trade remedy laws in Pakistan! Granted,…
Civil service promotion disputes in Pakistan are deceptively technical. An officer may believe that he or she has simply been “denied promotion”, yet the legal controversy may actually concern eligibility,…
Josh and Mak International provides comprehensive legal services pertaining to due diligence exercises and opinions after examining land registry documents in Pakistan. These services include: Title Verification and Ownership Analysis:…
Mediation Law in Pakistan Pakistan is not a signatory on any international treaties pertaining to mediation. The mediation law in our country is not based on any of these treaties…
Question: Our foreign company is planning to expand in Pakistan by establishing subsidiary and start oil and gas exploration work with our own technologies. In order to begin the process…
The Interplay of Civil and Criminal Proceedings: A Review of Judicial Perspectives Introduction: In the realm of legal proceedings, the interaction between civil and criminal cases can lead to intricate…
Suits for Declaration and Permanent Injunction In Pakistani law, suits for declaration and permanent injunction are common remedies sought in civil litigation. These suits typically involve the plaintiff asking the…
This Opinion involving due diligence of the land has been published with the consent of our client, and names and identities have been concealed to respect their privacy. If you…
The case “Nishat Dairy (Pvt.) Ltd. versus Commissioner Inland Revenue and others” (2013 P T D 1883) heard by the Lahore High Court on 25th March 2013 addresses the issue…
Child Custody in Pakistan, FAQs, and relevant case law on Section 491 CrPc, Section 100 CrPc Section 12 and Section 25 of the Guardians and Wards Act, Pakistan (including other…
Key Takeaways for Pakistanis Filing for Divorce, Khula and Custody Matters in Pakistan when either of the parties are Abroad The case law discussed above offers valuable insights for Pakistanis…
The Electronic Money Institutions (EMI) regulations are a cornerstone of the evolving financial landscape, introduced to foster innovation, inclusivity, and security in the digital payments ecosystem. Their primary aim is…
Online Legal Advice with Josh and Mak International In today’s digital age, the world has witnessed a transformative shift in the accessibility of legal services. The Internet has opened doors…
If you are a regular Facebook user you cannot fail to have noticed the plethora of ‘Be Like Bill’ memes which have been cluttering up your newsfeeds. While these look…
It has been reported that a group of Pakistani clerics have declared that marriage between transgender persons is permitted in Islam and that also have the right to a ceremonial…
With the UK surprisingly voting to leave the EU on the 23rd June, a huge level of complexity is expected to be introduced into a corporate tax system that is…
A federal appellate has decided that we need the Internet. The US Court of Appeal for the District of Colombia has found that the Federal Communications Commission’s stringent regulation of…
Although it’s unlikely, Bitcoin may well disappear in a couple of years. It’s technology, however, is still one of the most important developments in recent times and it’s very likely…
Update June 2023: Filing for Trademark Registration in Pakistan is Now Online! Introduction to filing online trademarks in Pakistan : In a groundbreaking development for Intellectual Property (IP) applicants and…
Q & A on Energy Sector Energy Law in Pakistan; there are many areas in Pakistan for which it has been confirmed that they are economically suitable for E&P; exploration…
This is a summary of some of the important changes that have been proposed within the Finance Bill 2016.This relates to Sales Tax, Income Tax and Federal Excise and Customs…
Legal Aspects Pertaining to Co-Sharer ( Co-owners /Joint Sharers of Land in Pakistan) In Pakistan, the concept of co-sharer of land is significant in cases where multiple individuals share ownership…
Introduction: Understanding the legal framework and procedures of civil litigation in Pakistan can be challenging for those unfamiliar with the system. This comprehensive blog aims to demystify the process, offering…
A successful application for civil revision hinges on demonstrating that the lower courts have either acted with material irregularity or have made decisions without jurisdiction, or that there has been…
Update 2020 about ‘Pecuniary Jurisdiction of Islamabad High Court As per Sections 4 & 10 of CPC (Amendment) Act, 2020, Sections 6 & 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure,…
A common question which is often asked by our clients is whether they can have their pleadings amended.We understand that by nature this article is fairly technical so if you…
As a leading law firm in Pakistan, Josh and Mak International offers a comprehensive range of legal services related to the Law of Patents. Our expert team of patent attorneys…
*Updated for the Companies Act, 2017, Companies Regulations, 2024, eZfile and the Pakistani corporate-law position as at August 2026 Establishing a company in Pakistan is considerably easier today than it…
In the ever-evolving digital age, the protection of intellectual property (IP) has become increasingly complex and crucial. The cyber world, with its vast expanse and rapid exchange of information, presents…
Client Query 1: Query: What is the minimum response time for procurement advertisements? Answer: According to Rule 13 of the Public Procurement Rules 2004, the minimum response time for procurement…
Updated Article 2024 The concept of telecom passive infrastructure sharing in Pakistan has gained significant traction in 2024, marked by the recent approval of the Telecom Infrastructure Sharing Framework (TISF)…
The controversial cybercrime bill which caused mass uproar amongst civil society activists when the National Assembly passed it was, on Tuesday, presented to the upper house. This draft law, which…
A practical guide for overseas clients requiring reliable legal advice, representation, document authentication or dispute resolution in Pakistan. Last legally reviewed: 5 August 2026 Introduction A foreign client’s first difficulty…
Last Friday Anwar Zaheer Jamali, the Chief Justice of Pakistan, turned down a request from the government to create a judicial commission aimed at probing the revelations which have surfaced…
There is something irresistible about a good energy story. “The world is running out of oil.” “Oil is finished.” “Electric vehicles will kill petroleum.” “OPEC controls the price.” “Storage tanks…
The business consortium led by the Pakistan GasPort Ltd, a company within the Associated Group, has been named as the lowest bidder from those tenders submitted by investors expressing an…
Navigating the complex landscape of employment law can be challenging for both employers and employees in Pakistan. At Josh and Mak International, we offer specialized legal advice and services to…
We also advise extensively on Water and Power laws in Pakistan and Setting Up Independent Power Projects in Pakistan We are a Top Law Firm, which has been making positive…
Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Export Facilitation Scheme (EFS) Q1: Which SRO regulates the EFS? A: The Export Facilitation Scheme (EFS) is regulated by SRO 957(1)/2021, dated 30 July 2021. Q2:…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the importance of environmental protection and sustainability in Pakistan. With growing concerns about the environment, it has become crucial for individuals, businesses, and…
The Customs Act, 1969, as amended up to June 2023, serves as the primary legal framework governing customs operations in Pakistan. This comprehensive legislation outlines the procedures, regulations, and authorities…
Any foreigner who has been granted a naturalization certificate under the naturalization Act 1926 is registered as a citizen of Pakistan under section 9 of the Pakistan Citizenship Act 1951…
Whether your business is large or small, at Josh and Mak International our role is to facilitate your company’s continuing growth and expansion. Our goal is to anticipate and prevent…
Josh and Mak International is a distinguished law firm offering comprehensive legal services in the domain of arbitration law in Pakistan. With a deep understanding of both domestic and international…
Those fighting for digital rights in Pakistan have had a tough time over the past few months. Even though they’re a small minority in a very big pool of activists…
Most Pakistanis got their first introduction into the secret world of OFC, or offshore financial centers, courtesy of the Panama leaks. These are nothing new however and such OFCs as…
Update : The National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) has indeed introduced a new whistleblower programme following the closure of its previous system. This revamped programme aims to enhance transparency…
Q: What is the vision of Pakistan’s Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication for the IT sector? A: The vision is to establish an accelerated digitisation ecosystem to enable socio-economic…
Admiralty and maritime shipping laws in Pakistan form a critical framework governing the nation’s navigable waters, vessels, and the rights and obligations of maritime operators. Pakistan, strategically located along the…
At Josh and Mak International, we recognise the intricate tax implications associated with every business decision. We are committed to offering practical, tailored, and expertly crafted tax solutions to address…
The banking sector in Pakistan operates under a well-structured legal framework designed to ensure stability, transparency, and efficiency. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the primary laws and regulations…
Josh and Mak International is synonymous with excellence in property law in Pakistan. As leading experts in the field, we offer comprehensive legal services, expert advice, and strategic guidance for…
Labour laws play a crucial role in ensuring fair treatment, protection, and well-being of employees in a country. In Pakistan, there are more than 16 laws that mandate compliance and…
The MoP&NR, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, is facing strong resistance from stakeholders in the public sector in regards to their planned establishment of a second LNG terminal thanks…
Here at Josh and Mak International we can help you will all matters relating to the appointment of any employees including cases involving civil servants, regulations regarding workers or workmen,…
Law firms in Pakistan are available in abundance. Needless to say, choice is a good thing, but it can also make it difficult when it comes to narrowing down your…
Update 2025: In the evolving landscape of Pakistan’s digital regulation, the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) of 2016 has been a focal point of significant debate. Initially enacted to…
The Pakistani parliament have adopted a law which will see the country’s cash strapped national airline company become a PLC and at the same time ban the government from relinquishing…
Future investments in Pakistan’s LNG sector is in limbo due to the tax authorities refusing to provide the promised tax exemptions for the Engro ETPL; Elengy Terminal Pakistan Ltd. This…
The massive security breach which has seen millions of secret files belonging to Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca become public knowledge has revealed how some of the most powerful players…
Update 2025: In the aftermath of the 2016 Panama Papers revelations, the global landscape of financial transparency and accountability has undergone significant transformations, with notable developments both within Pakistan and…
Setting up a company in a foreign country can be a complex and time-consuming process, requiring the completion of various documents and paperwork. If you are planning to register a…
You cannot fail to have noticed how often Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been in the news recently. Hailed as being the new geological frontier in Pakistan in terms of gas, oil…
As a renowned Pakistani law firm, Josh and Mak International takes great pride in offering exceptional legal services to a diverse clientele, including British Pakistanis, Overseas Pakistanis, and Pakistani expatriates…
After coming under increased pressure from the IMF, International Monetary Fund, via a performance criteria decreed within the EFF agreement, the National Assembly of Pakistan finally got around to passing…
Embarking on a partnership venture in Pakistan can be an exciting and rewarding endeavor. However, it’s crucial to navigate the legal landscape with precision and clarity to ensure the success…
Our updated 2026 Legal Guide to Foreign Investment, Pakistani Subsidiaries, Branch and Liaison Offices, Joint Ventures, Acquisitions, Taxation, Banking, Repatriation, Employment, Regulatory Compliance and Market Entry Last legally reviewed: August…
Mandatory Website Set-up, Maintenance and Compliance for Public Companies in Pakistan Ask the Compliance experts. Email us at aemen@joshandmak.com Claim a FREE evaluation report of your website’s legal compliance today!…
In Pakistan, the standard office hours typically run from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. These hours are generally observed by most businesses and government offices. The country operates in the…
Governed by the Weekly Holidays Act 1942 which provides for persons employed in shops, restaurants and theatres. It declares that a shop will be entirely closed one day in every…
Under § 24 of State Bank of Pakistan Ordinance 1955 the Bank has the sole right to issue bank notes for periods fixed by Federal Government. Rate of exchange is…
Understanding the Status of Aliens and Citizenship in Pakistan Introduction In Pakistan, the legal status of aliens and citizenship is defined by the Pakistan Citizenship Act of 1951, as amended…
The legal landscape surrounding civil servants’ promotions in Pakistan appears complex, particularly within the jurisdiction of service matters, individuals often encounter numerous legal forums and procedural hurdles. Promotion disputes can…
Telecommunication Consumer Protection (Amendment) Regulations, 2015 The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) has introduced the Telecommunication Consumer Protection (Amendment) Regulations, 2015, amending the original Telecommunication Consumer Protection Regulations of 2009. These…
Update: Since 2014, the Pakistan Telecommunications Authority (PTA) has enacted numerous regulations, guidelines, and updates to address the evolving telecommunication landscape. Notable regulations include the Broadband Quality of Service Regulations…
Mutation is a vital legal process in land law in Pakistan that validates property ownership and updates land records in Pakistan. Property owners must understand the significance of mutation and…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the significance of the Federal Shariat Court in the Pakistani legal system, particularly in matters related to Islamic law. With our team of…
This is an administrative forum based in Islamabad with satellite offices in other cities of Pakistan, created to investigate the complaints of maladministration against the Government and its agencies. Its…
Provincial High Courts Provincial High Courts are the apex courts for common law court systems operating in the provinces, and is generally seen as the highest appellate level for the…
Cancellation of Bail in Pakistan (Updated to 2023) The cancellation of bail (Pre-Arrest and Post-Arrest) in Pakistan is a critical legal matter that requires the court’s careful consideration of various…
A key factor in the success and the popularity of international arbitration is the inherent freedom and flexibility afforded to those parties with regard to how their dispute will be…
This commentary is not a substitute for proper legal advice.If you have queries related to the law on Pakistani Citizenship email us at aemen@joshandmak.com Citizenship and the rights associated with…
SSGC, the Sui Southern Gas Company, shortlisted 2 bidders on Thursday for the creation of a second LNG import terminal in Pakistan according to sources from the petroleum ministry. According…
The Special Marriage Act 1872 governs the marriages of persons who are not professing Buddhists, Christians, Hindus, Muslims, Parsis, Sikhs or Jains and also those persons who profess the Hindu,…
2013 P T D 1732 Before Dost Muhammad Khan and Qaiser Rashid Khan, JJ ASHRAF INDUSTRIES (PVT.) LTD. Versus FEDERATION OF PAKISTAN through Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources…
Present: Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, C.J., Gulzar Ahmed and Sh. Azmat Saeed, JJ Maulana ABDUL HAQUE BALOCH and others—Petitioners Versus GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN through Secretary Industries and Mineral Development and others—Respondents…
New Service! While one problem in getting timely UK immigration for Pakistani Citizens is the fact that over the last many years the UK Border Agency has been making the…
Despite the strict conditions which the government attached to the bidding process, it was the Engro Corporation’s lowest bid which won them the right to both build and then run…
Please note this is an upcoming publication in the well-known yearly follow-up publication of Islamabad Policy Research Institute , ““Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan 2015″.All rights reserved! “The Judicial…
Q: What is a Succession Certificate? A: A Succession Certificate is a document issued to the legal heirs of a deceased person for moveable properties like a car, cash in…
The labour landscape in Pakistan is shaped by a complex interplay of constitutional provisions, legislative enactments, and judicial interpretations. The Constitution of Pakistan, under Part II, enshrines fundamental rights and…
Introduction The fundamental premise of bail entails releasing an individual from the clutches of law enforcement authorities, placing them under the supervision of sureties who are committed to ensure the…
The discussion surrounding the provincial legislature’s authority to impose market fees under Section 19 of the Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1939, as read with Rule 29 of the Agricultural Produce…
Legal Alert: Changes with the Introduction of Sindh Waqf Properties Act 2020 Josh and Mak International would like to bring to your attention the recent developments in the legal landscape…
The law of Habeas Corpus in Pakistan is governed by Section 491 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 which gives any High Court of Pakistan, the ower to issue directions of…
Contempt of court is a legal mechanism designed to protect the authority and dignity of the judiciary, ensuring that its orders and proceedings are respected and upheld. In the legal…
The status of a Pardanashin (Pardahnashin) lady in Muslim law holds significant legal implications, especially in matters of agreements, property transactions, and protection of their interests. In this blog, we…
A review of case law reveals significant insights into the principles and judicial reasoning applied to the expunction of adverse remarks in Annual Confidential Reports (ACRs) or Performance Evaluation Reports…
The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923, is a pivotal piece of legislation that enshrines the rights of workmen by ensuring compensation for injuries sustained during the course of employment. This Act…
What’s the Difference? Novation is a mechanism whereby one party can transfer all its obligations under a contract and all its benefits arising from that contract to a third party.…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the frequent legal queries that arise regarding services matters for WAPDA employees. To assist our clients, we have compiled summaries of recent cases…
If you are a civil servant accused of misconduct, it is crucial to understand that you can challenge your penalty on the basis of ‘equality’ in the treatment of others…
Did you know that it is your legal right to have your case decided in a timely and expeditious manner? The law is unequivocal on this matter, as discussed below.…
The termination of employment following the abolition of posts is a complex issue that intersects with various legal principles and regulations. This blog post examines several pivotal cases to understand…
Update 2024 Since 2015, Pakistan’s mining industry has experienced significant legal developments aimed at enhancing the attractiveness and facilitation of foreign investment. One of the most notable events in this…
Pakistan’s oil and gas industry is not governed by a single statute, regulator or commercial model. A modern petroleum project may begin with a federal petroleum right, involve provincial constitutional…
Shipbreaking (also referred to as ‘Ship Breaking’) – the dismantling of end-of-life vessels for scrap – is a significant yet controversial industry in Pakistan. Centered at Gadani Beach in Balochistan,…
With our extensive expertise and understanding of the court jurisdictions in Pakistan, we are well-equipped to guide our clients through the legal process. Our team of skilled professionals can help…
An interested witness is an individual who has a direct stake or interest in the outcome of a legal proceeding, typically because they are connected to the case in a…
Tazkiyah al-Shuhood is a concept in Islamic jurisprudence that pertains to the verification and certification of the credibility of witnesses in legal proceedings, particularly in cases involving serious offences such…
The Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) of 1860, initially promulgated during the British colonial era, has undergone numerous amendments to align it with Islamic principles, especially post-1977 under the regime of…
For more information on the application of corruption laws to the Energy Industry in Pakistan, please feel free to email us at aemen@joshandmak.com A common query and complaint from our…
DNA Evidence in Pakistani Courts: This article examines the approach of Pakistani courts with respect to the admissibility and evaluation of DNA evidence. The case law analysis brings to the…
Recent developments in Pakistani law have underscored the significant impact of Shariah principles on family, civil, and criminal legal frameworks. These influences, rooted deeply in Islamic jurisprudence, shape various aspects…
The acquisition of citizenship is a crucial aspect for individuals seeking to establish their legal status and rights within a country. In Pakistan, the Pakistan Citizenship Act 1951 governs the…
In Pakistan, the Board of Investment (BOI) plays a crucial role in promoting and facilitating both local and foreign investments. The Government of Pakistan (GOP) has recently implemented the Pakistan…
Updates: In recent years, Pakistan has recognized the need to reform its benefit-sharing mechanisms associated with hydropower projects. Historically, communities displaced by such projects have faced significant challenges, including inadequate…
Update on Pakistan’s Labour Inspection Policy 2006 Since its inception, Pakistan’s Labour Inspection Policy 2006 has undergone several updates and reforms to address the evolving needs of the labour market…
Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are a cornerstone of modern commerce, playing a crucial role in fostering innovation, creativity, and economic growth. In Pakistan, the landscape of intellectual property law is…
Application of Islamic Laws in Pakistani Law Islamic laws, or Sharia, significantly influence the legal framework of Pakistan. Since its inception in 1947, Pakistan has endeavoured to incorporate Islamic principles…
By Barrister Aemen Maluka (Published 2011) Introduction When 52 countries signed the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) in 1994, it was viewed as an ambitious initiative on behalf of the international…
By Barrister Aemen Maluka Published 2011 Introduction From an economic point of view, Gas Flaring is essentially a wasteful activity, giving rise to negative externalities in terms of precious hydrocarbon…
The You-Tube case (a judicial and public policy perspective) This article was first published in E-Commerce Law Reports, Vol 14, Issue 4 (www.e-comlaw.com/eclr) pp 22-23 Author: Senior Partner Josh and…
I. Requisition of Shareholders for an EGM Pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2017, shareholders holding not less than one-tenth of the total voting power in the case…
Time is money, and in the legal world, it’s everything. Every second you hesitate is a second lost to uncertainty, risk, and—if you’re not careful—catastrophe. At Josh and Mak International,…
Khawaja MUHAMMAD ASIF Versus FEDERATION OF PAKISTAN and others—Respondents Constitutional Petition No.5 of 2011 and Human Rights Case No.15744-P of 2009, decided on 4th December, 2013. (Application by Mr. Imran…
Yes, a foreign company is required to obtain specific permissions from various organizations in Pakistan to open and maintain its branch or liaison office. A foreign company is required to…
To establish a place of business in Pakistan, foreign companies must comply with several requirements under the Companies Act, 2017. These include: Application of the Act: This part of the…
Please visit our main page on Section 42 Companies registered under the Companies Act 2017. Article continues below Non-Profit Company Registration in Pakistan u/s 42 Companies Act 2017 To provide…
When conducting due diligence on a company, obtaining certified copies of essential documents such as the Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association, and Certificate of Incorporation is crucial. At Josh…
Under the Companies Act, 2017, a private company can be converted into a single-member company by following the procedures outlined in Section 47 of the Act. The key steps involved…
Yes, under the Companies Act 2017, it is possible to convert a Single Member Company (SMC) into a private company. The process for this conversion is outlined in Section 47…
Transfer of Membership in a Single Member Company As a single member company (SMC), the transfer of membership is a procedure that adheres to specific regulations under the Companies Act,…
In Pakistan, certain types of companies require prior permission from specific ministries or departments before they can be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP). These requirements…
Yes, a single person can form a company in Pakistan. This is governed by the Companies Act, 2017, which allows for the formation of a Single Member Company (SMC). The…
Any three or more persons associated for lawful purpose may, by subscribing their names to the Memorandum of Association and complying with the requirements of the Companies Act 2017 to…
In Pakistan, any person or persons wishing to form a private company must adhere to the stipulations set forth in the Companies Act, 2017. Specifically, two or more persons associated…
In Pakistan, if the whereabouts of your husband are unknown for an extended period, you can seek to end your marriage through the legal process of dissolution of marriage, commonly…
Yes, under Muslim personal law in Pakistan, a husband can delegate the right of pronouncing divorce to his wife. This is known as Talaq-e-Tafweez or delegated divorce. The conditions and…
Parsis are governed by Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act 1936 which lists several varied grounds.By the Amendment Act, 1975 (Act IV of 1976) jurisdiction has now been conferred solely on…
In the context of Islamic law, a Muslim marriage can be dissolved through various means. These include: By Husband at His Will (Talaq): The husband has the unilateral right to…
Christian marriages in Pakistan differ in several respects from Muslim marriages, and the governing laws and traditions reflect these distinctions. Common question on interfaith marriages in Pakistan : Under what…
If any husband fails to maintain his wife adequately (while the marriage is intact), or where there are more wives than one, fails to maintain them equitably, the wife, or…
Josh and Mak International is a renowned law firm in Islamabad, Pakistan, providing expert legal services for divorce and khula (dissolution of marriage) cases. With extensive experience in mediating and…
Yes, a Muslim marriage in Pakistan can be dissolved by means other than Talaq (divorce). Islamic law recognizes several methods for dissolving a Muslim marriage, providing options for both the…
Any man who wishes to divorce his wife shall, as soon as may be after the pronouncement of Talaq in any form whatsoever, give the chairman a notice in writing…
A man can enter into another marriage provided he acquires permission in writing of the Arbitration Council, under Muslim Family Law Ordinance, without such permission marriage will not be registered.…
Under the Muslim Family Law Ordinance Union Council shall register every marriage solemnized under Muslim Law in accordance with the Nikah registrar licensed. In Pakistan, the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance,…
We are excited to announce that we have launched a new and improved layout for our law website. Our primary goal is to make the website more dynamic and accessible,…
UPDATE (6th of July,2014) :Since this article was written there is news that the controversy created by the perceived impact of Article 245 has been addressed by the IHC today.It…
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With reference to the judicial and non-judicial procedures used to resolve conflicts arising from the use of domain names, most of the countries where a Network Information Centre (NIC) or…
In an online dispute we will be looking at the requirements which will need to be proven under the ICANN’s UDRP (Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy). Based on these , the…
Cybersquatting, the act of registering, using, or selling a domain name with the intent to profit from another’s established brand or trademark, is a growing concern in Pakistan’s digital landscape.…
Spamdexing is the use of methods to ensure the appearance of a particular web page high up in a search engine’s output. Some of the methods used are perfectly legal,…
Josh and Mak International can offer the following legal services to both local and foreign companies: Legal Advice on Domain Name Registration: Josh and Mak International can legally assist companies…
The realm of international intellectual property law is a vast and intricate field that governs the protection of creations of the mind, including inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols,…
Energy security is a multi-faceted concept in modern times, no longer confined to ensuring that local energy resources and hydrocarbon deposits are sufficient for future use. It has evolved into…
Update 2024 The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Ordinance, enacted in 2002, continues to play a contentious role in regulating media freedom in Pakistan. Over the years, amendments to…
The Registered Designs Ordinance, 2000 and the Registered Designs Rules, 2023 form the cornerstone of the legal framework governing the protection of industrial designs in Pakistan. As a member of…
The Indus Waters Treaty 1960 is no longer merely an ageing but resilient water-sharing agreement between Pakistan and India. As of September 2026, it has become the subject of one…
Understanding tax liabilities can often seem daunting, especially within the framework of comprehensive legislation like Pakistan’s Income Tax Ordinance, 2001. This Ordinance, which came into effect on July 1, 2002,…
Update : Since the implementation of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Mining Policy 2014, there have been further developments. The KPK government introduced the Mineral Sector Governance Act in 2017, along…
The legal system in Pakistan is a blend of various influences, including Islamic law, British common law, and traditional customary law. Here are some common legal concepts and terms frequently…
Introduction to the Glossary of Legal and Latin Terms, Phrases, and Concepts This glossary is a meticulously compiled resource of legal and Latin terms, phrases, and concepts, designed to serve…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the importance of clarity and effective communication when dealing with clients requiring guidance on Pakistani Land Property records and we aim provide them…
An International Investment Agreement (IIA) is a treaty between two or more countries designed to promote and protect investments made by investors from the respective countries. IIAs typically include provisions…
In Pakistan, the legal framework addressing the rights of indigenous and tribal persons is shaped by a combination of international conventions, national laws, and customary practices. Pakistan ratified the International…
The evolution of Pakistan’s forest policy reflects the country’s response to both national and international environmental commitments and the socio-economic dynamics of its forest regions. The first forest policy in…
Update: Recent Developments in Pakistani Media and Broadcasting Laws In recent years, Pakistan has seen significant developments in its media and broadcasting laws, primarily aimed at consolidating regulatory control and…
Author: Senior Partner Josh and Mak Barrister Aemen Zulfikar Maluka; Co-written by Senior Managing Partner Pir Abdul Wahid (Advocate High Court) We are happy to announce that our article on…
Introduction Pakistan’s media landscape, dynamic and evolving, operates under a structured regulatory framework primarily governed by the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA). This framework ensures that broadcast media and…
Update 2024: Since 2014, the legal structure of the Pakistani power sector has undergone significant changes, driven by a series of reforms aimed at addressing chronic energy shortages, attracting foreign…
Update 2024: Since 2014, the Reko Diq case has seen significant developments. In March 2022, Pakistan signed a landmark agreement to avoid an $11 billion penalty, effectively resolving a long-standing…
In 2014, The Minerals Development Department in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has granted 226 exploration licenses and mining leases today to private companies and investors in Malakand Division. These permissions include nine…
Transparency in the mining sector is crucial for fostering accountability, reducing corruption, and ensuring that the wealth generated from natural resources benefits the populace equitably. In Indonesia, significant strides and…
A wife can divorce on her own given that she has been granted the right to Divorce (delegated power of divorce) at the time of the Nikah. This right is…
Yes, in Pakistan, a marriage can be dissolved by means other than Talaq (divorce). The dissolution of a marriage is governed by different laws and procedures depending on the circumstances…
Yes, a Muslim Pakistani man can enter into another marriage provided he acquires permission in writing of the Arbitration Council, under Muslim Family Law Ordinance, without such permission marriage will…
The power and energy sector in Pakistan is a critical component of the country’s infrastructure and economic development. At Josh and Mak International, we offer a wide range of legal…
In today’s digital age, the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a crucial role in various sectors of the economy. At Josh and Mak International, we recognize the…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide comprehensive legal advice on the Pakistani competition/antitrust legal-regulatory framework. Our expertise in this field assists clients in achieving their strategic objectives while ensuring…
If you are considering registering a local or foreign company in Pakistan, look no further than Josh and Mak International. Our dedicated team of legal experts is ready to assist…
In Pakistan, a cheque is considered stale when it is presented for payment after a certain period from the date of its issue. According to Pakistani banking laws, a cheque…
The case of Bytes for All v. Federation of Pakistan, W.P. No. 958/2013, represents a landmark judgment in the realm of digital rights and freedom of expression in Pakistan. This…
There are no restrictions on marriage with a foreigner except for Government servants. Therefore yes, a Pakistani individual can marry a foreigner. The marriage between a Pakistani citizen and a…
In Pakistan, the process for acquiring citizenship is not automatic for foreign women married to Pakistani citizens. The Pakistani nationality law does provide provisions for foreign spouses of Pakistani citizens…
Firstly, the notion that a husband and wife are considered separate legal entities is a fundamental principle in many legal systems, including Pakistan. This concept allows spouses to enter into…
Under the Companies Act 2017, a foreign company can establish and operate in Pakistan by adhering to the provisions set out in Part XII of the Act. The steps involved…
In Pakistan, the ability of an association to be sued largely depends on its registration status under the local laws. Associations, clubs, and societies often operate as unincorporated entities, which…
Updated: 2026 A company incorporated in Pakistan can alter its Memorandum of Association, but the answer is considerably more nuanced than a simple “yes”. The Memorandum is part of the…
Can an Affidavit Sworn Abroad Be Acceptable in Pakistan? When addressing the admissibility and acceptability of affidavits sworn abroad in Pakistan, it is essential to navigate the complex interplay of…
Under Pakistan law, a husband can potentially be held liable for an action in breach of trust committed by his wife, depending on the specific circumstances and the nature of…
We have been receiving many queries from our clients, after the recent budget presentation, as to what are the key proposals for Customs, Excise and Taxation areas and how these…
The mining sector in Pakistan is subject to various taxes and levies under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, and other applicable laws. The key taxes and levies applicable to the…
A partnership/firm may be dissolved with mutual consent of the Partners or by adjudication of all partners, or if the firm becomes insolvent. The Partnership Act, 1932, governs the dissolution…
Retirement of a Partner in Pakistan: Legal Provisions and Procedure Under Pakistani law, the retirement of a partner from a partnership is governed by the Partnership Act, 1932. This Act…
As a partner in a legal (corporate) partnership under the Partnership Act, 1932, your rights and liabilities are outlined comprehensively. The Act governs the relations between partners, their conduct in…
No, under the current legal framework in Pakistan, a minor cannot be a partner or director in a firm or company. The law does not permit individuals who are minors…
According to the Partnership Act, 1932 of Pakistan, while it is not mandatory for a partnership firm to be registered, there are significant legal and practical benefits to doing so.…
In Pakistan, it is indeed possible for a company to be a partner or a shareholder in another company or a registered partnership. The specific legal framework governing such arrangements…
In Pakistan, the need for a Partnership Agreement is primarily governed by the Partnership Act, 1932. While the law does not mandate a written partnership agreement for the formation of…
Partnership arrangements in Pakistan are governed by the Partnership Act, 1932. This Act outlines the legal framework for the formation, conduct, and dissolution of partnerships. The Act includes detailed provisions…
The Energy Security Plan of Pakistan (2005–2030) is a comprehensive framework designed to address the country’s energy needs and challenges over a 25-year period. This plan aims to ensure a…
In case 1995 C L C 1823 the property in question was not treated as evacuee property under the West Pakistan (Administration of Evacuee Property) Act, 1957. The plaintiffs were…
The information provided in this bulletin is intended to inform but is not a substitute for specific legal or other professional advice where warranted by each situation’s facts and circumstances.…
In a recent decision, the Honourable Supreme Court, in its recently reported judgment in C.A. 795/2012, has provided much-needed clarity on the redressal mechanisms available to different categories of employees.…
Dispute Resolution in the Oil and Gas Industry Update 2024: Since 2010, the landscape of dispute resolution in the UK oil and gas industry has evolved significantly, reflecting broader changes…
Update 2024: The implementation of intellectual property (IP) laws in Pakistani cyberspace faces several barriers, despite some improvements since 2013. These barriers include regulatory, infrastructural, and enforcement challenges. Key Barriers…
The Executive Director and Founder of our team has an upcoming publication at the IPRI Institute, which will be available shortly through the IPRI Institute. The citation of the publication…
The year 2012 saw lower growth in the energy sectors of China, India, and Brazil, influenced by uncertainties surrounding the “fiscal cliff” in the U.S. and the Euro crisis. These…
Barrister Aemen Maluka spoke on this conference regarding energy conservation efforts, which she said only existed on paper as the policy of self regulation by industries was a failure in…
The Josh and Mak team shone brightly at the POGEE (Pakistan Oil Gas & Energy Exhibition & Conference) 2013 in Lahore, Pakistan. Josh and Mak LLP (UK), Executive Director and…
Q: What is the “polluter pays principle” in environmental law? A: The “polluter pays principle” is a concept where the polluting party is responsible for covering the costs of managing…
P L D 1952 F. C. 1 (Appellate Jurisdiction) Before Abdul Rashid C.J. A. S.M. Akram and Muhammad Munir. JJ. RAHIM BAKHSH Appellant versus CROWN – Respondent Criminal Appeal No.…
The Decree No. 2012-1190 of October 25, 2012, has recently elucidated the provisions of Law No. 2012-346 of March 12, 2012, concerning protective measures applicable to French safeguard, recovery, and…
On January 31, 2013, the Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development released the new Implementing Regulations for the Myanmar Foreign Investment Law No. 21 (FIL No. 21). FIL No.…
The UK government has tabled reforms to UK competition law which could allow the removal of the “concurrent” powers of sector regulators to apply competition law. The proposed changes extend…
To ensure a healthy development of the economy, on January 23, 2013, the State Council of the People’s Republic of China announced the long-awaited Energy Development 12th Five Year Plan,…
The Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Revising the Labor Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China Released On December 28, 2012, the Standing…
Update : Between 2014 and 2024, there have been several notable oil discoveries around the globe that have significantly impacted the energy sector. Here are some of the most prominent…
On 7 February 2013, the European Commission published two cybersecurity documents designed to provide a comprehensive vision of how European Union Member States, national authorities, and private industry will prevent…
On 28 February 2012, the European Commission launched an anti-dumping investigation into imports of solar glass originating in China, following a complaint lodged on 15 January 2013, by industry association…
On 5 February 2013, the European Commission (the “Commission”) published its comprehensive general report on Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, commonly referred to as the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of…
Health and Environmental Problems After the BP Oil Spill (updated 2023) The Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which occurred on April 20, 2010, is still haunting the lives of thousands of…
Comparison Between the 2009 and 2013 Petroleum Concession Agreements Q: What are the key differences in the definitions section of the 2009 and 2013 PCAs? A: The 2009 PCA contains…
Revisions in Pakistan’s Abortion Laws: Balancing Islamic Teachings and Legal Framework In 1990, the Pakistani government took a significant step by revising the outdated colonial-era Penal Code of 1860, specifically…
Pakistan Telecom Sector: Competition Commission of Pakistan’s Guidelines to Prevent Deceptive Marketing Practices As part of its ongoing efforts to shield consumers from anti-competitive behaviours and foster voluntary compliance with…
When it comes to energy laws in Pakistan, the landscape is intricate and multifaceted. At Josh and Mak International, we offer specialized legal advice on a wide range of legal…
All Companies and Exporters to pay Withholding Sales Tax from 14 February 2013!
On 19 February 2013, the government of Afghanistan informed the Energy Charter Secretariat that the country’s internal procedures for ratifying the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) were successfully completed. Subsequently, Afghanistan…
Tax Alert Update: Enhancements to the CREST System by FBR Since 2013, the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) has continued to enhance and refine the “Computerized Risk-Based Evaluation of Sales…
When it comes to the petroleum sector in Pakistan, compliance with labor laws is crucial to ensure the well-being of workers and the smooth operation of businesses. At Josh and…
Labour rights and regulations play a pivotal role in ensuring fair treatment, safety, and welfare of workers, as well as in fostering harmonious industrial relations. In Pakistan, these rights are…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the importance of proper estate planning and the complexities that can arise in matters of succession and gifts (Hiba) under Pakistani law. Our…
Update 30th of May 2024: We have received a lot of queries from people in Pakistan and Abroad regarding registration of Private Trusts in Pakistan after the new regime of…
Josh and Mak International is a leading law firm in Pakistan, specializing in providing comprehensive and high-level consultancy services in the field of energy law. Our firm is dedicated to…
Pakistan Due Diligence Services for Private Clients, Public Companies, Private Companies and SPV’s (Special Purpose Vehicles) Ensuring Thorough Due Diligence in the Landscape of Mergers and Acquisitions in Pakistan Mergers…
Josh and Mak International is dedicated to providing specialized legal advice and services in the field of Intellectual Property Law in Pakistan. Our experienced team of intellectual property lawyers understands…
At Josh and Mak International, we are proud to serve a diverse clientele in the gas industry, ranging from professionals involved in sourcing and purchasing LNG and petroleum to contract…
Renewable Energy law in Pakistan Josh and Mak International is a leading law firm that provides specialized legal advice and services in the renewable energy sector in Pakistan. With a…