Redefining Legal Excellence, Embracing Digital Horizons
There was a time when competition lawyers could explain monopoly power largely through familiar things. Price. Production. Market share. Distribution. Exclusive contracts. Control of physical infrastructure. If one company owned…
Legal and regulatory position reviewed to 20 September 2026 Pakistan’s Petroleum Policy Is Where Geology Meets Contract A petroleum prospect may begin with geology, but a petroleum investment begins with…
There Is No Single “Petroleum Act” That Tells the Whole Story A foreign company approaching Pakistan’s upstream petroleum sector for the first time can be forgiven for expecting to find…
Updated to 2026 Pakistan has been exploring for petroleum for well over a century. Its upstream history encompasses colonial concessions, the 1915 Khaur oil discovery, the transformative discovery of natural…
There is an old instinct in marketplace law which sounds perfectly sensible. If a shopkeeper sells you a defective kettle, pursue the shopkeeper. If a counterfeiter sells you a fake…
Brexit did not kill GDPR in Britain. Something more subtle is happening. Britain has retained the essential architecture of European data protection law while gradually altering some of the places…
From 6 February 2026, England and Wales criminalise creating or requesting non-consensual purported intimate images of adults, even where the image is never shared. Barrister Aemen Zulfikar Maluka examines sections…
A recurring type of inquiry received by Pakistani lawyers now begins with an alarming sentence: “My mobile phone suddenly stopped working, and when I regained access, money had disappeared from…
There is an awkward paradox at the centre of almost every serious proposal to keep children off unsuitable parts of the internet. The State says: “We do not want children…
Some injuries created by the internet cannot sensibly wait for ordinary legal time. A defamatory article can be answered. A commercial dispute can proceed through litigation. A contractual breach may…
On 31 August 2026, Pakistan secured a genuinely important legal victory in its long-running water dispute with India. The Court of Arbitration constituted under the Indus Waters Treaty 1960 unanimously…
Latest Trial Update — 15 September 2026: Mistrial, an 11–1 Jury Split, the Rule 25 Application and President Trump’s Refusal to Intervene Much has changed since I last updated this…
Imagine receiving a rejection letter from an employer. You were qualified. You had relevant experience. Nobody interviewed you. Nobody telephoned. Nobody appears even to have read your application. A machine…
The Punjab Protection of Ownership of Immovable Property (Amendment) Act 2026 has been presented as one of Punjab’s most consequential attempts to tackle the perennial problem of qabza: unlawful occupation,…
How the United States, Europe, Pakistan, Canada, India, New Zealand and other jurisdictions have dealt, successfully and unsuccessfully, with the commercial exploitation of citizenship by birth The expression “birth tourism”…
Foreign Funding of NGOs and NPOs in Pakistan After 2026 LHC 2316: What the Lahore High Court Actually Decided Pakistan’s regulatory environment for NGOs, NPOs, charities and donor-funded institutions has…
Buying a residential plot in Pakistan often begins with a simple promise: select a plot, make the prescribed payments, allow the developer time to complete development, and eventually receive possession…
Pakistan’s position in the international Basmati dispute received a significant boost on 11 August 2026 when the Federal Court of Australia dismissed an appeal by India’s Agricultural and Processed Food…
There is a simple observation which lawyers encounter repeatedly, although usually after the damage has been done: people often tell us who they are long before a dispute reaches court.…
One of the most serious mistakes made by small charitable initiatives is the assumption that incorporation under section 42 of the Companies Act 2017 is simply the “best”, “strongest” or…
Electronic communications now document much of modern commercial and personal life. Contracts are negotiated through email, payments are confirmed through mobile applications, instructions are conveyed through WhatsApp, meetings take place…
Corporate fraud rarely begins with a dramatic discovery. More often, it emerges through a small inconsistency: an unfamiliar payee, a payment that does not correspond with its stated purpose, an…
Foreign investors, expatriates, overseas entrepreneurs and non-Urdu-speaking businesspersons frequently approach Pakistan with an admirable degree of optimism. They see opportunity, underused assets, personal hospitality, a growing consumer market and, in…
Can the United States Dismantle the International Criminal Court? A balanced legal analysis of the United States campaign against the International Criminal Court, examining sovereignty, ICC jurisdiction, sanctions, judicial independence…
There are moments in history when the world becomes so implausible that even lawyers a profession not exactly famed for whimsy , are forced to admit that reality has begun…
September 2026 Update: The Hypothetical Hormuz Crisis Has Become Real When this analysis was first published in March 2026, the central legal question was what would happen if escalating conflict…
Within Pakistan’s administrative law framework, the concept of suspension of a civil servant occupies a peculiar and frequently misunderstood position. Public discourse often treats suspension as if it were a…
Workplace harassment law in Pakistan is no longer a compliance formality , it is a constitutional imperative. Over the last decade, and particularly in the last few years, Pakistani courts…
In moments of geopolitical upheaval, law is tested not in theory but in its moral stamina. Few questions expose the structural limits of our legal order more starkly than this:…
Update (March 2026) Since the publication of the Prosumer Regulations, 2026, the policy landscape surrounding rooftop solar generation in Pakistan has continued to evolve rapidly. The initial notification of the…
It begins with silence. No screams, no alerts, no farewell. Just the stale stillness of an apartment in Karachi’s Gulistan-e-Johar, its doors locked from the inside, curtains drawn against a…
Pakistan’s criminal justice system exhibits a dangerous paradox when it comes to the use of modern forensic tools, particularly Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) footage and Call Data Record (CDR) evidence. These…
The principle of intelligent preference or determination of choice by a minor in custody proceedings is recognised under Pakistani law, particularly within the framework of the Guardians and Wards Act,…
The family court system in Pakistan is fraught with inconsistencies and judicial misapplications when determining the intelligent preference of a minor in custody proceedings. The doctrine of intelligent preference, while…
The disposal of old power plants in Pakistan presents a unique set of legal, financial, and regulatory challenges for bidders. Whether dealing with entities like Lakhra Power Generation Company Ltd…
Entering the Pakistani power sector through tenders for the disposal of redundant, old, and defunct power plants is not for the faint-hearted, nor for those who assume that contract law…
Arctic sovereignty has long been an evolving concept, shifting with the geopolitical tides and legal frameworks that seek to govern its vast, resource-rich expanse. The race for Arctic oil and…
The global energy landscape has always been a high-stakes arena, but rarely has it been so explicitly tied to the raw calculus of war and power as it is today.…
An Office Memorandum issued by the Government of Pakistan’s Cabinet Secretariat, Establishment Division on 7th February 2025 announces the withdrawal of the provision of regular appointment under the employment category…
Imagine this as a Pakistani Grandfather: you’ve lived a long, industrious life, saved a tidy sum, and built a respectable name in your community. You’ve doted on your children, even…
Medical negligence claims in Pakistan have become increasingly common as patients and their families seek legal recourse against hospitals and doctors. However, navigating such cases requires an astute understanding of…
2022 CLD 790 is a seminal judgment by the Competition Commission of Pakistan concerning anti-competitive practices in the aviation sector, specifically focusing on the exclusive rights granted to a consortium…
Litigating against an airline—whether as a passenger, an airline employee, or a commercial partner—is not for the faint of heart. Airlines operate in a unique and complex legal ecosystem governed…
If you find yourself on the receiving end of police misconduct—whether it’s wrongful arrest, excessive force, or a case of bureaucratic tyranny—you’re not just up against an errant officer. You’re…
Franchise agreements, while offering lucrative opportunities for business expansion, are legal minefields that require precision, foresight, and an unwavering strategic approach. The franchisor-franchisee relationship, if not meticulously structured, can quickly…
Recent developments in the £190 million case involving Malik Riaz, the prominent Pakistani real estate tycoon, have seen significant legal actions by Pakistani authorities. The National Accountability Bureau (NAB) has…
The subject of granting exemption from personal appearance to an accused during trial is a nuanced aspect of criminal procedural law, particularly under Section 540-A of the Criminal Procedure Code…
In a significant legal development, the Punjab government has issued a directive allowing individuals with non-serious or petty criminal records to have their police records erased or deleted. This decision…
In an important development concerning property transactions in Punjab, the Board of Revenue has reinforced the enforcement of Section 75A of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, which imposes a 5%…
The legislative structure surrounding insolvency in Pakistan, while historically founded on colonial statutes and gradually expanded through subsequent enactments, remains fragmented between individual and corporate insolvency regimes. The relevant legislation…
The legal framework and forums for bankruptcy in Pakistan, revolve around a combination of statutory provisions, judicial precedents, and regulatory oversight. The framework is guided by principles embedded in key…
In Pakistan, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is a formal document that outlines the preliminary understanding and agreement between two or more parties, typically as a precursor to a binding…
Contract law in Pakistan is a foundational legal framework governing agreements between parties. It defines the creation, performance, enforcement, and remedies for breaches of contractual obligations.It is rooted in The…
The ability to execute a Gift or Hiba through a Power of Attorney (PoA) is a nuanced legal matter, subject to stringent rules and principles. For the benefit of our…
The Banking Companies (Recovery of Loans, Advances, Credits, and Finances) Act, 1997 is a legislative framework enacted in Pakistan to streamline the process of recovery for financial institutions, particularly banks.…
A Legal Notice, as recognised under various judicial precedents and statutes, is a formal written communication sent by one party to another to assert legal claims, rights, or obligations before…
Rent agreements in Pakistan might seem like simple documents, but they hold a world of legal significance and potential drama. From oral arrangements whispered over tea to notarised documents with…
In Pakistan, the main legal framework governing Bills of Lading primarily revolves around contract law, maritime law, and relevant provisions of the Customs Act, 1969. Additionally, international conventions such as…
Ship arrest is a procedural mechanism available under admiralty jurisdiction, allowing a claimant to detain a vessel to secure maritime claims. It is primarily governed in Pakistan by the Admiralty…
Maritime law, also known as admiralty law, (often referred to as Pakistan’s National Shipping Laws) governs the complex and multifaceted world of shipping, trade, and marine resource management. In Pakistan,…
The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) plays a central role in the regulation of Pakistan’s electricity sector. For litigants embroiled in disputes involving NEPRA, understanding the governing legal framework…
In the realm of public service and civil administration, appointments by absorption have sparked significant debate and scrutiny. At first glance, the concept seems straightforward—allowing a civil servant to transition…
The downstream oil and gas sector in Pakistan plays a pivotal role in ensuring the smooth supply and distribution of petroleum products, directly impacting industries, businesses, and consumers nationwide. Governed…
In Civil law there are types of investments that can legally be considered as entrustments. Entrustment, in a legal sense, typically arises when one party (the entrustor) places something of…
The doctrine of legitimate expectations is a cornerstone of administrative law, embodying the principles of fairness, consistency, and good governance in public decision-making. Rooted in the concept of procedural and…
The Federal Ombudsman (Wafaqi Mohtasib) in Pakistan is an independent institution established to redress complaints of maladministration by federal government agencies. Its primary function is to provide a forum for…
A sham transaction is defined as an act or arrangement entered into by parties that does not reflect their true intentions, often designed to deceive, defraud, or circumvent legal obligations.…
The legal discourse surrounding crimes involving foetuses or unborn children presents a complex interplay of penal provisions, judicial interpretations, and societal values. Here is an analysis of the courts’ approaches…
The term “Benami” derives from Persian, meaning “without name” or “anonymous.” In the legal context of Pakistan, a Benami transaction involves the purchase of property in the name of one…
The legal framework for addressing encroachments across different provinces in Pakistan involves various municipal, provincial, and national laws designed to regulate land use, protect public spaces, and enforce property rights.…
Vested rights are those rights that have been accrued or become fixed, and they are not dependent on any future events or contingencies. In the context of Pakistani law, a…
In Pakistan, passport-related disputes often arise from issues concerning identity verification, travel restrictions, alleged misuse of passports, fraudulent documentation, and administrative actions by government authorities. These disputes can vary from…
In the context of civil service, promotions are critical milestones that not only recognise the accomplishments and seniority of government employees but also define their career trajectories and entitlements. However,…
The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925, represents a cornerstone of maritime law in Pakistan, incorporating the Hague Rules to govern the rights, obligations, and liabilities of carriers and…
With Pakistan’s real estate market expanding, foreign companies and their sales agents are increasingly targeting investors looking to purchase property in Pakistan. Unfortunately, many of these overseas entities employ predatory…
Cross-examination is a procedural mechanism in legal trials where one party questions a witness presented by the opposing party. It is conducted after the examination-in-chief (the witness’s initial testimony). The…
In property transfer cases in Pakistan, cross-examination plays a pivotal role in determining the credibility of claims and evidence. The burden of proof rests on the party asserting a fact,…
Cross-examination in family court is a pivotal stage where evidence and credibility are tested. Whether you are a plaintiff or a defendant, understanding the rules, strategies, and techniques can significantly…
Last legally reviewed: 9 September 2026 The Payment Systems and Electronic Fund Transfers Act, 2007 (“PS&EFT Act”) is one of the most important pieces of financial legislation in Pakistan that…
The legal landscape surrounding credit card disputes in Pakistan is a complex interplay of statutory provisions, regulatory guidelines, and judicial precedents aimed at balancing the rights and responsibilities of cardholders,…
The Regulations for Payment Card Security, 2016, issued by the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), aim to ensure the safety, resilience, and consumer confidence in payment systems. These regulations are…
In civil litigation, execution orders serve as powerful mechanisms to ensure that judgments are not merely symbolic but have real, enforceable consequences. Yet, with power comes complexity: questions of ownership,…
Double taxation refers to the situation where the same income is taxed in two different jurisdictions. This typically occurs in international contexts, where a person or business earns income in…
The key differences between eviction and ejectment petitions, as discerned from the legal analysis and current Pakistani case law, lie in their underlying principles, procedures, and contexts in which they…
The legal treatment of cheques in Pakistan is a subject governed by various provisions under the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) and the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. One of the central…
Iqrarnama in the Pakistan legal system is a formal written document that serves as a binding declaration or agreement between two or more parties. It is used to document commitments,…
Update January 2025: The Rise of Deepseek: Another Overhyped AI Bubble? The AI landscape is once again at a crossroads, with the arrival of Deepseek reigniting discussions about whether the…
Recent developments regarding Iran’s nuclear activities have sparked intense speculation following a seismic event in Iran’s Semnan province on October 5, 2024. The tremor, recorded at 4.5 to 4.6 in…
Seniority disputes in civil service are a common and critical issue, as the determination of seniority impacts promotions, postings, and other career advancements for government employees. The legal framework governing…
Contracting insurance for operations in war zone areas requires meticulous attention to detail due to the unique risks involved. With evolving geopolitical tensions and the complexities of conflict environments, securing…
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has grown from speculative theories to practical applications that now shape various industries, transcending its original academic interest. The trajectory of AI, from its conceptual roots to…
Imane Khelif, the Algerian Olympic gold medalist in boxing, has recently launched a lawsuit against J.K. Rowling and Elon Musk. The lawsuit, filed in Paris, accuses them of cyberbullying and…
The proposed amendment, as introduced in the National Assembly of Pakistan, seeks to amend section 489F of the Pakistan Penal Code, 1860, and the corresponding provisions in the Code of…
On 2nd September 2024, the Establishment Division of Pakistan issued a comprehensive Office Memorandum concerning the use of social media platforms by government servants. These new directives reinforce the Government…
Introduction: Product liability under the Consumer Protection Act, 2005, is a crucial aspect of consumer rights law in Pakistan. It governs the responsibility of manufacturers, distributors, and sellers for any…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand that navigating consumer rights and understanding the jurisdiction of Consumer Courts in Pakistan can be challenging. This primer is designed to provide a…
The law of attachment of property in Pakistan forms a critical component of the country’s legal system, playing a vital role in the enforcement of court judgments, decrees, and orders.…
Subletting occurs when a tenant, who has rented property from a landlord, transfers a portion or all of their tenancy rights to a third party, known as a subtenant, without…
Last updated: 9 September 2026 The legal position of Binance and cryptocurrency in Pakistan has changed fundamentally. For several years, anyone asking whether Binance was legal in Pakistan received an…
With the increasing reliance on digital platforms for financial transactions, instances of online banking fraud have surged in Pakistan. This unfortunate rise in fraud cases has left many banking customers…
This recent judgement discusses (1) Concept of outsourcing of tasks through contractor & the Toll Manufacturing (2) Circumvention of labour laws to save money (3) ILO Conventions No.87, 98 &…
The legal battle between Starbucks Corporation, USA, and Options International (SMC-Pvt.) Limited, a case that recently culminated in a significant judgment from the Supreme Court of Pakistan, provides a compelling…
In the context of the legal principles governing oral agreements, the judgment in Civil Petition No. 174-K of 2022 before the Supreme Court of Pakistan provides a comprehensive analysis of…
Facts of the Case C.Ps.No. 154-K of 2022 and 166-K of 2022 The petitioners, Waheed Gul Khan and Mumtaz Ali, applied for employment in the Food Department of the Government…
A Legal Perspective on the Supreme Court’s Judgment on Monal Restaurant: A Long-Overdue Enforcement of Environmental Law The recent Supreme Court judgment ordering the closure and demolition of Monal Restaurant…
The case “Syed Raheel Ahmed v. Mst. Syeda Zona Naqvi and others” (Civil Petition No. 473-K of 2024) is significant due to its implications on the interpretation and application of…
The Mubarak Sani case in Pakistan has garnered significant attention due to its complex legal and religious implications. Mubarak Ahmad Sani was accused of offences under the Punjab Holy Quran…
Updates as of 21st of September 2024 The Natasha Iqbal case, stemming from the fatal road accident on Karachi’s Karsaz Road in August 2024, has seen several important updates recently.…
This article has been written to help in understanding the Rights of Divorced, Widowed, and Unmarried Daughters to Claim a Parent’s Pension: Insights from Legal Precedents and the 2018 Circular.The…
We get a lot of queries from Civil Servants on Absence from Duty and it’s legal implications for their careers. In the realm of civil service, the duty to uphold…
Over the last five years, the law on misconduct and penalties in civil service has evolved to emphasize procedural fairness, proportionality of penalties, and the need for detailed reasoning in…
The defence of self-defence is a legal principle that allows an individual to use reasonable force to protect themselves or others from imminent harm. This defence justifies actions taken to…
Judicial Attitudes to Corporate Governance in Pakistan: A Case Law Perspective Corporate governance in Pakistan has undergone significant evolution, driven by regulatory reforms and judicial interpretations aimed at enhancing transparency,…
The Companies Regulations 2024 introduce several enhancements to corporate governance and directors’ duties, aiming to promote transparency, accountability, and effective management within companies. Key changes include: Structured Appointment Processes: The…
The Companies Regulations 2024 introduce significant amendments and enhancements to the Companies Act 2017, aimed at modernising corporate governance, improving compliance, and facilitating ease of doing business in Pakistan. Key…
The Constitution of Pakistan includes several provisions to protect the rights of minorities in the country. Key articles and principles relevant to the protection of minority rights are outlined below:…
In Pakistan, sustainable development is impeded by a variety of legal and structural barriers that complicate the implementation and enforcement of policies aimed at achieving environmental sustainability. These barriers are…
Proforma promotion, within the context of Pakistani law, pertains to a retrospective elevation in rank and salary for employees who were eligible for promotion but were overlooked due to administrative…
Human trafficking remains a significant issue globally, with Pakistan being no exception. The legal framework governing human trafficking in Pakistan comprises various statutes and international obligations aimed at combating this…
The Constitution of Pakistan, adopted in 1973, lays a strong foundation for the protection of fundamental rights and outlines principles of policy to guide the governance of the country. This…
The legal framework for electronic signatures in Pakistan is primarily governed by the Electronic Transactions Ordinance, 2002 (ETO 2002). This ordinance provides the foundation for the recognition and enforcement of…
Introduction: The concept of adoption in Pakistan is deeply influenced by Islamic law, which places significant emphasis on lineage and family ties. As a result, the traditional Western notion of…
Overview: Smart contracts and crypto-assets have garnered significant attention in Pakistan, presenting both opportunities and legal challenges. These digital innovations require a thorough understanding of the legal framework to ensure…
Bonded labour in Pakistan, particularly in the agriculture, brick kiln, and carpet industries, remains a critical issue despite legal frameworks aimed at its eradication. Legal Framework and Challenges: Pakistan has…
The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees the right to property to its citizens under several provisions. These provisions aim to protect the ownership and use of property while balancing the needs…
The legal framework and recent developments regarding stray animal welfare in Pakistan highlight several significant issues and progressive steps. Historically, the primary legislation governing animal welfare in Pakistan is the…
The Finance Bill, 2024, presented in the National Assembly on June 12, 2024, and subsequently passed as the Finance Act, 2024, on June 28, 2024, introduces significant amendments to Pakistan’s…
In recent years, the global community has witnessed the escalating impacts of climate change, with developing nations like Pakistan bearing a disproportionate share of the burden. As a country with…
The role of civil society organizations in fostering peace, human dignity, and equality is globally recognised and protected by the United Nations human rights framework. Modern democracies also uphold the…
The doctrine of alternative remedy is crucial in the context of writ jurisdiction under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973. This doctrine mandates that individuals must first…
The perceived failure of tort law in Pakistan can be attributed to a myriad of factors, primarily stemming from historical, structural, and cultural influences that have stunted its development and…
The investment climate in Pakistan presents a unique blend of opportunities and challenges, shaped by the country’s diverse economic landscape and evolving regulatory environment. As Pakistan seeks to attract foreign…
The legal landscape for investments in Pakistan is shaped by a myriad of factors that contribute to a complex and often challenging environment for both domestic and foreign investors. The…
Pakistan’s upstream oil and gas sector is governed by a complex regulatory framework designed to attract both local and foreign investment. This sector plays a crucial role in the country’s…
The Fifth Schedule pertains to the rules and regulations for the computation of profits and gains from the exploration and production of petroleum, as well as the exploration and extraction…
As part of our ongoing commitment to provide transparent and comprehensive legal advice, we are pleased to present an in-depth look at the Block Award Process for the grant of…
The strategic development of Pakistan’s oil and gas sector is critical for the nation’s energy security, economic growth, and sustainable development. The Oil and Gas Development Plan of Pakistan, as…
The Model Production Sharing Agreements (PSA) of 2003 and 2023 are critical legal frameworks governing petroleum exploration and production in Pakistan. These agreements establish the terms and conditions under which…
Pakistan’s Hydel Potential The hydel power potential of Pakistan is substantial and remains significantly untapped, despite the country’s abundance of water resources. Primarily located in the northern regions, the hydel…
At Josh and Mak International, we prioritise our clients’ awareness and understanding of the legal frameworks governing various aspects of energy consumption. This article delves into the intricacies of dishonest…
Pakistan’s mineral resources are abundant and varied, making the mining sector a significant contributor to the national economy. The regulatory framework governing this sector has evolved over time, aiming to…
Who Owns Oil and Gas in Pakistan? The Constitutional and Statutory Evolution of Petroleum Rights The question of who “owns” petroleum in Pakistan appears deceptively simple. In reality, the legal…
Introduction The Government of Pakistan has a long history of issuing policies concerning various sectors, including the petroleum sector. These policies are essentially statements of government objectives and do not…
As a leading law firm, Josh and Mak International recognises the importance of understanding the implications of recent amendments to legal frameworks governing the petroleum sector. The Model Petroleum Concession…
A practical legal guide for E&P companies, foreign investors, gas purchasers, pipeline developers and energy-sector participants Pakistan’s Petroleum Exploration and Production Policy 2012 remains one of the principal instruments governing…
As an esteemed oil and gas law firm, Josh and Mak International is dedicated to offering comprehensive legal support in the energy sector, particularly within the dynamic and evolving landscape…
Introduction In the rapidly evolving landscape of petroleum exploration and production, regulatory frameworks must adapt to address new challenges and opportunities. The Government of Pakistan recently introduced the Offshore Rules…
This Client Information Article is meant to be a general guide on opening a bank account in Pakistan for our individual clients and entity clients.The process of each bank many…
A Power of Attorney is one of the most useful legal instruments in Pakistan, and one of the most frequently misunderstood. It can allow a person living in London, Dubai,…
Last reviewed: August 2026 A legal notice is often the first formal step taken when a commercial, contractual, property, employment, consumer or reputational dispute can no longer be resolved through…
Contracts are the legal architecture of commerce. They allocate obligations, distribute risk, establish payment and performance standards and determine what is to happen when a business relationship does not proceed…
A commercial lease is rarely “just a rent agreement”. For a business, the premises may become its office, retail outlet, warehouse, clinic, restaurant, franchise location, factory, showroom or principal place…
Update: As of now, coal power regulation in Pakistan involves both the Private Power and Infrastructure Board (PPIB) and the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA). The PPIB acts as…
Key Terms for an Effective Exclusivity Agreement Internationally Introduction: In the business world, exclusivity agreements are a powerful tool, forging strong partnerships while providing mutual benefits. These agreements, however, demand…
Lis pendens is a Latin term that translates to “pending litigation.” In legal terms, it refers to a doctrine that ensures any property subject to ongoing litigation cannot be transferred…
The Punjab Prohibition of Interest on Private Loans Act: An Overview The Punjab Prohibition of Interest on Private Loans Act 2022, commonly referred to as the PPI Act, is a…
Competition law in Pakistan is no longer a theoretical compliance issue confined to large corporations or specialist regulatory departments. A commercial arrangement does not have to describe itself as a…
Perpetuity in law generally refers to a situation or condition which is meant to exist indefinitely without an end. This concept has been illustrated through the mentioned citations in various…
Section 9 of the NATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY ORDINANCE 1999 (a) A holder of a public office, or any other person, is said to commit or to have committed the offence of…
We have recently received a lot of queries from the general public, especially members of the Sindh Police regarding major and minor penalties imposed upon them and possible remedies. We…
Artificial Intelligence (AI) image generators, like Midjourney, Stable Diffusion, and DALL-E 2, have impressed us with their ability to create stunning images rapidly. However, these AI tools often struggle with…
Do you suspect that a family member or friend is being targeted by a human trafficker in Pakistan? Have you had a similar experience yourself? Get in touch with us…
Have you or your friends/family been affected by the predatory lending practices of lenders in Pakistan? Reach out to us and share your experience with us at aemen@joshandmak.com Legal Update…
The Clarkson Law Firm v. OpenAI class action highlights key legal and ethical challenges in the rapidly evolving field of artificial intelligence, specifically relating to the use of personal data…
Delays in payment for land purchases in Pakistan can be a challenging issue to navigate, but there are legal remedies available to enforce the terms of the contract and protect…
Introduction Company registration in Pakistan is a crucial step for entrepreneurs and businesses looking to establish a legal presence in the country. The process, governed by the Companies Act, 2017,…
The Zainab Alert, Recovery and Response Act, 2020 is a law passed by the government of Pakistan aimed at preventing and responding to cases of child abduction, abuse, and exploitation.…
Introduction Pakistan offers foreign investors access to one of the world’s largest consumer markets, a substantial working-age population, strategically located transport and trade corridors, a developed corporate and banking sector,…
Bait-and-switch is an unethical sales tactic commonly employed in various industries, including the property market in Pakistan. It involves enticing potential customers with attractive offers or deals, only to switch…
The emergence of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) has created a fascinating interplay between technology, commerce, and law. NFTs, digital assets representing ownership of unique items or rights on a blockchain, have…
Whether you are a business incubator, a start-up or venture capitalist, we can advise you on your business incubator contract. Have an incubator contract to review? Email us now at…
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a comprehensive data protection law that came into effect on 25 May 2018, replacing the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. While primarily aimed at…
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 is a law in Pakistan that aims to provide equal rights to transgender people and to safeguard their rights through legal recognition.…
The digital power of attorney (PoA) service from NADRA in Pakistan is a secure and convenient way for overseas Pakistanis to grant power of attorney to someone in Pakistan. The…
Ijazat Aap Ki (Your Permission) is a service launched by the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) in Pakistan in March 2023. The service allows citizens to give their consent…
Whether it is the case of a judgement-debtor who simply will not pay, or that of a spouse in a divorce keen on hiding their assets, proving someone has a…
An Employee Invention Assignment and Confidentiality Agreement (EIACA) is a legal contract between an employee and an employer that outlines the employee’s obligations regarding inventions and confidential information. The EIACA…
If you or someone you know is being threatened or blackmailed by a deepfake video, please get in touch for legal consultation at aemen@joshandmak.comThe answer is yes, you can sue…
Geofencing is a location-based technology that creates a virtual boundary or perimeter around a real-world geographic area. It allows authorities, including the police, to define specific geographic zones and receive…
As the real estate market in Pakistan continues to attract overseas Pakistanis, it is crucial to address the concerns and challenges they face when buying or selling property. At our…
Don’t leave your contracts to chance! Getting your contract reviewed by legal experts has never been easier. Simply reach out to us at aemen@joshandmak.com. Our team will promptly respond to…
The Panama Papers scandal, which emerged in 2016, unveiled a labyrinth of offshore holdings linked to numerous global figures, including Pakistan’s then-Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif, and his family. The revelations…
In the realm of dispute resolution in the Islamabad Capital Territory, court proceedings are often seen as the default option. However, it is crucial to consider alternative avenues such as…
Civil service promotion disputes in Pakistan are deceptively technical. An officer may believe that he or she has simply been “denied promotion”, yet the legal controversy may actually concern eligibility,…
Mediation Law in Pakistan Pakistan is not a signatory on any international treaties pertaining to mediation. The mediation law in our country is not based on any of these treaties…
The Electronic Money Institutions (EMI) regulations are a cornerstone of the evolving financial landscape, introduced to foster innovation, inclusivity, and security in the digital payments ecosystem. Their primary aim is…
*Updated for the Companies Act, 2017, Companies Regulations, 2024, eZfile and the Pakistani corporate-law position as at August 2026 Establishing a company in Pakistan is considerably easier today than it…
A practical guide for overseas clients requiring reliable legal advice, representation, document authentication or dispute resolution in Pakistan. Last legally reviewed: 5 August 2026 Introduction A foreign client’s first difficulty…
There is something irresistible about a good energy story. “The world is running out of oil.” “Oil is finished.” “Electric vehicles will kill petroleum.” “OPEC controls the price.” “Storage tanks…
Update 2025: In the aftermath of the 2016 Panama Papers revelations, the global landscape of financial transparency and accountability has undergone significant transformations, with notable developments both within Pakistan and…
The legal landscape surrounding civil servants’ promotions in Pakistan appears complex, particularly within the jurisdiction of service matters, individuals often encounter numerous legal forums and procedural hurdles. Promotion disputes can…
Pakistan’s oil and gas industry is not governed by a single statute, regulator or commercial model. A modern petroleum project may begin with a federal petroleum right, involve provincial constitutional…
Shipbreaking (also referred to as ‘Ship Breaking’) – the dismantling of end-of-life vessels for scrap – is a significant yet controversial industry in Pakistan. Centered at Gadani Beach in Balochistan,…
In Pakistan, the Board of Investment (BOI) plays a crucial role in promoting and facilitating both local and foreign investments. The Government of Pakistan (GOP) has recently implemented the Pakistan…
Pakistan’s rivers create an obvious economic proposition: water passing through mountainous terrain can produce electricity for decades, reduce exposure to imported fuels and support a substantial domestic power-generation industry. What…
I. Requisition of Shareholders for an EGM Pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2017, shareholders holding not less than one-tenth of the total voting power in the case…
Time is money, and in the legal world, it’s everything. Every second you hesitate is a second lost to uncertainty, risk, and—if you’re not careful—catastrophe. At Josh and Mak International,…
Cybersquatting, the act of registering, using, or selling a domain name with the intent to profit from another’s established brand or trademark, is a growing concern in Pakistan’s digital landscape.…
The Indus Waters Treaty 1960 is no longer merely an ageing but resilient water-sharing agreement between Pakistan and India. As of September 2026, it has become the subject of one…