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Welcome to the ‘Client Information Articles’ section of Josh and Mak International, a dedicated space crafted to empower and enlighten our esteemed clients. In this ever-evolving legal landscape, knowledge is more than just power – it’s a necessity for making informed decisions. Recognising this, our firm has committed to providing insightful, relevant, and up-to-date articles tailored to meet the needs and interests of our diverse clientele.
From 6 February 2026, England and Wales criminalise creating or requesting non-consensual purported intimate images of adults, even where the image is never shared. Barrister Aemen Zulfikar Maluka examines sections…
A recurring type of inquiry received by Pakistani lawyers now begins with an alarming sentence: “My mobile phone suddenly stopped working, and when I regained access, money had disappeared from…
There is an awkward paradox at the centre of almost every serious proposal to keep children off unsuitable parts of the internet. The State says: “We do not want children…
Some injuries created by the internet cannot sensibly wait for ordinary legal time. A defamatory article can be answered. A commercial dispute can proceed through litigation. A contractual breach may…
On 31 August 2026, Pakistan secured a genuinely important legal victory in its long-running water dispute with India. The Court of Arbitration constituted under the Indus Waters Treaty 1960 unanimously…
Imagine receiving a rejection letter from an employer. You were qualified. You had relevant experience. Nobody interviewed you. Nobody telephoned. Nobody appears even to have read your application. A machine…
The Punjab Protection of Ownership of Immovable Property (Amendment) Act 2026 has been presented as one of Punjab’s most consequential attempts to tackle the perennial problem of qabza: unlawful occupation,…
How the United States, Europe, Pakistan, Canada, India, New Zealand and other jurisdictions have dealt, successfully and unsuccessfully, with the commercial exploitation of citizenship by birth The expression “birth tourism”…
Foreign Funding of NGOs and NPOs in Pakistan After 2026 LHC 2316: What the Lahore High Court Actually Decided Pakistan’s regulatory environment for NGOs, NPOs, charities and donor-funded institutions has…
Buying a residential plot in Pakistan often begins with a simple promise: select a plot, make the prescribed payments, allow the developer time to complete development, and eventually receive possession…
Pakistan’s position in the international Basmati dispute received a significant boost on 11 August 2026 when the Federal Court of Australia dismissed an appeal by India’s Agricultural and Processed Food…
There is a simple observation which lawyers encounter repeatedly, although usually after the damage has been done: people often tell us who they are long before a dispute reaches court.…
One of the most serious mistakes made by small charitable initiatives is the assumption that incorporation under section 42 of the Companies Act 2017 is simply the “best”, “strongest” or…
Electronic communications now document much of modern commercial and personal life. Contracts are negotiated through email, payments are confirmed through mobile applications, instructions are conveyed through WhatsApp, meetings take place…
Corporate fraud rarely begins with a dramatic discovery. More often, it emerges through a small inconsistency: an unfamiliar payee, a payment that does not correspond with its stated purpose, an…
Foreign investors, expatriates, overseas entrepreneurs and non-Urdu-speaking businesspersons frequently approach Pakistan with an admirable degree of optimism. They see opportunity, underused assets, personal hospitality, a growing consumer market and, in…
Can the United States Dismantle the International Criminal Court? A balanced legal analysis of the United States campaign against the International Criminal Court, examining sovereignty, ICC jurisdiction, sanctions, judicial independence…
September 2026 Update: The Hypothetical Hormuz Crisis Has Become Real When this analysis was first published in March 2026, the central legal question was what would happen if escalating conflict…
Within Pakistan’s administrative law framework, the concept of suspension of a civil servant occupies a peculiar and frequently misunderstood position. Public discourse often treats suspension as if it were a…
Workplace harassment law in Pakistan is no longer a compliance formality , it is a constitutional imperative. Over the last decade, and particularly in the last few years, Pakistani courts…
In moments of geopolitical upheaval, law is tested not in theory but in its moral stamina. Few questions expose the structural limits of our legal order more starkly than this:…
Update (March 2026) Since the publication of the Prosumer Regulations, 2026, the policy landscape surrounding rooftop solar generation in Pakistan has continued to evolve rapidly. The initial notification of the…
Pakistan’s criminal justice system exhibits a dangerous paradox when it comes to the use of modern forensic tools, particularly Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) footage and Call Data Record (CDR) evidence. These…
The principle of intelligent preference or determination of choice by a minor in custody proceedings is recognised under Pakistani law, particularly within the framework of the Guardians and Wards Act,…
The family court system in Pakistan is fraught with inconsistencies and judicial misapplications when determining the intelligent preference of a minor in custody proceedings. The doctrine of intelligent preference, while…
The disposal of old power plants in Pakistan presents a unique set of legal, financial, and regulatory challenges for bidders. Whether dealing with entities like Lakhra Power Generation Company Ltd…
Entering the Pakistani power sector through tenders for the disposal of redundant, old, and defunct power plants is not for the faint-hearted, nor for those who assume that contract law…
Imagine this as a Pakistani Grandfather: you’ve lived a long, industrious life, saved a tidy sum, and built a respectable name in your community. You’ve doted on your children, even…
Medical negligence claims in Pakistan have become increasingly common as patients and their families seek legal recourse against hospitals and doctors. However, navigating such cases requires an astute understanding of…
Litigating against an airline—whether as a passenger, an airline employee, or a commercial partner—is not for the faint of heart. Airlines operate in a unique and complex legal ecosystem governed…
If you find yourself on the receiving end of police misconduct—whether it’s wrongful arrest, excessive force, or a case of bureaucratic tyranny—you’re not just up against an errant officer. You’re…
Franchise agreements, while offering lucrative opportunities for business expansion, are legal minefields that require precision, foresight, and an unwavering strategic approach. The franchisor-franchisee relationship, if not meticulously structured, can quickly…
The subject of granting exemption from personal appearance to an accused during trial is a nuanced aspect of criminal procedural law, particularly under Section 540-A of the Criminal Procedure Code…
The legislative structure surrounding insolvency in Pakistan, while historically founded on colonial statutes and gradually expanded through subsequent enactments, remains fragmented between individual and corporate insolvency regimes. The relevant legislation…
The legal framework and forums for bankruptcy in Pakistan, revolve around a combination of statutory provisions, judicial precedents, and regulatory oversight. The framework is guided by principles embedded in key…
In Pakistan, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is a formal document that outlines the preliminary understanding and agreement between two or more parties, typically as a precursor to a binding…
Contract law in Pakistan is a foundational legal framework governing agreements between parties. It defines the creation, performance, enforcement, and remedies for breaches of contractual obligations.It is rooted in The…
The ability to execute a Gift or Hiba through a Power of Attorney (PoA) is a nuanced legal matter, subject to stringent rules and principles. For the benefit of our…
The Banking Companies (Recovery of Loans, Advances, Credits, and Finances) Act, 1997 is a legislative framework enacted in Pakistan to streamline the process of recovery for financial institutions, particularly banks.…
A Legal Notice, as recognised under various judicial precedents and statutes, is a formal written communication sent by one party to another to assert legal claims, rights, or obligations before…
Rent agreements in Pakistan might seem like simple documents, but they hold a world of legal significance and potential drama. From oral arrangements whispered over tea to notarised documents with…
In Pakistan, the main legal framework governing Bills of Lading primarily revolves around contract law, maritime law, and relevant provisions of the Customs Act, 1969. Additionally, international conventions such as…
Ship arrest is a procedural mechanism available under admiralty jurisdiction, allowing a claimant to detain a vessel to secure maritime claims. It is primarily governed in Pakistan by the Admiralty…
Maritime law, also known as admiralty law, (often referred to as Pakistan’s National Shipping Laws) governs the complex and multifaceted world of shipping, trade, and marine resource management. In Pakistan,…
The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) plays a central role in the regulation of Pakistan’s electricity sector. For litigants embroiled in disputes involving NEPRA, understanding the governing legal framework…
In the realm of public service and civil administration, appointments by absorption have sparked significant debate and scrutiny. At first glance, the concept seems straightforward—allowing a civil servant to transition…
The downstream oil and gas sector in Pakistan plays a pivotal role in ensuring the smooth supply and distribution of petroleum products, directly impacting industries, businesses, and consumers nationwide. Governed…
In Civil law there are types of investments that can legally be considered as entrustments. Entrustment, in a legal sense, typically arises when one party (the entrustor) places something of…
The doctrine of legitimate expectations is a cornerstone of administrative law, embodying the principles of fairness, consistency, and good governance in public decision-making. Rooted in the concept of procedural and…
The Federal Ombudsman (Wafaqi Mohtasib) in Pakistan is an independent institution established to redress complaints of maladministration by federal government agencies. Its primary function is to provide a forum for…
A sham transaction is defined as an act or arrangement entered into by parties that does not reflect their true intentions, often designed to deceive, defraud, or circumvent legal obligations.…
The legal discourse surrounding crimes involving foetuses or unborn children presents a complex interplay of penal provisions, judicial interpretations, and societal values. Here is an analysis of the courts’ approaches…
The term “Benami” derives from Persian, meaning “without name” or “anonymous.” In the legal context of Pakistan, a Benami transaction involves the purchase of property in the name of one…
The legal framework for addressing encroachments across different provinces in Pakistan involves various municipal, provincial, and national laws designed to regulate land use, protect public spaces, and enforce property rights.…
Vested rights are those rights that have been accrued or become fixed, and they are not dependent on any future events or contingencies. In the context of Pakistani law, a…
In Pakistan, passport-related disputes often arise from issues concerning identity verification, travel restrictions, alleged misuse of passports, fraudulent documentation, and administrative actions by government authorities. These disputes can vary from…
In the context of civil service, promotions are critical milestones that not only recognise the accomplishments and seniority of government employees but also define their career trajectories and entitlements. However,…
The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925, represents a cornerstone of maritime law in Pakistan, incorporating the Hague Rules to govern the rights, obligations, and liabilities of carriers and…
With Pakistan’s real estate market expanding, foreign companies and their sales agents are increasingly targeting investors looking to purchase property in Pakistan. Unfortunately, many of these overseas entities employ predatory…
Cross-examination is a procedural mechanism in legal trials where one party questions a witness presented by the opposing party. It is conducted after the examination-in-chief (the witness’s initial testimony). The…
In property transfer cases in Pakistan, cross-examination plays a pivotal role in determining the credibility of claims and evidence. The burden of proof rests on the party asserting a fact,…
Cross-examination in family court is a pivotal stage where evidence and credibility are tested. Whether you are a plaintiff or a defendant, understanding the rules, strategies, and techniques can significantly…
Last legally reviewed: 9 September 2026 The Payment Systems and Electronic Fund Transfers Act, 2007 (“PS&EFT Act”) is one of the most important pieces of financial legislation in Pakistan that…
The legal landscape surrounding credit card disputes in Pakistan is a complex interplay of statutory provisions, regulatory guidelines, and judicial precedents aimed at balancing the rights and responsibilities of cardholders,…
The Regulations for Payment Card Security, 2016, issued by the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), aim to ensure the safety, resilience, and consumer confidence in payment systems. These regulations are…
In civil litigation, execution orders serve as powerful mechanisms to ensure that judgments are not merely symbolic but have real, enforceable consequences. Yet, with power comes complexity: questions of ownership,…
Double taxation refers to the situation where the same income is taxed in two different jurisdictions. This typically occurs in international contexts, where a person or business earns income in…
The key differences between eviction and ejectment petitions, as discerned from the legal analysis and current Pakistani case law, lie in their underlying principles, procedures, and contexts in which they…
Update July 2025: Legal and Regulatory Status of Starlink in Pakistan as of July 2025 By Barrister Aemen Zulfikar Maluka Josh and Mak International This memorandum provides a structured update…
The legal treatment of cheques in Pakistan is a subject governed by various provisions under the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) and the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. One of the central…
Iqrarnama in the Pakistan legal system is a formal written document that serves as a binding declaration or agreement between two or more parties. It is used to document commitments,…
Seniority disputes in civil service are a common and critical issue, as the determination of seniority impacts promotions, postings, and other career advancements for government employees. The legal framework governing…
Contracting insurance for operations in war zone areas requires meticulous attention to detail due to the unique risks involved. With evolving geopolitical tensions and the complexities of conflict environments, securing…
Introduction: Product liability under the Consumer Protection Act, 2005, is a crucial aspect of consumer rights law in Pakistan. It governs the responsibility of manufacturers, distributors, and sellers for any…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand that navigating consumer rights and understanding the jurisdiction of Consumer Courts in Pakistan can be challenging. This primer is designed to provide a…
The law of attachment of property in Pakistan forms a critical component of the country’s legal system, playing a vital role in the enforcement of court judgments, decrees, and orders.…
Subletting occurs when a tenant, who has rented property from a landlord, transfers a portion or all of their tenancy rights to a third party, known as a subtenant, without…
Last updated: 9 September 2026 The legal position of Binance and cryptocurrency in Pakistan has changed fundamentally. For several years, anyone asking whether Binance was legal in Pakistan received an…
With the increasing reliance on digital platforms for financial transactions, instances of online banking fraud have surged in Pakistan. This unfortunate rise in fraud cases has left many banking customers…
This recent judgement discusses (1) Concept of outsourcing of tasks through contractor & the Toll Manufacturing (2) Circumvention of labour laws to save money (3) ILO Conventions No.87, 98 &…
The legal battle between Starbucks Corporation, USA, and Options International (SMC-Pvt.) Limited, a case that recently culminated in a significant judgment from the Supreme Court of Pakistan, provides a compelling…
In the context of the legal principles governing oral agreements, the judgment in Civil Petition No. 174-K of 2022 before the Supreme Court of Pakistan provides a comprehensive analysis of…
Facts of the Case C.Ps.No. 154-K of 2022 and 166-K of 2022 The petitioners, Waheed Gul Khan and Mumtaz Ali, applied for employment in the Food Department of the Government…
The case “Syed Raheel Ahmed v. Mst. Syeda Zona Naqvi and others” (Civil Petition No. 473-K of 2024) is significant due to its implications on the interpretation and application of…
Updates as of 21st of September 2024 The Natasha Iqbal case, stemming from the fatal road accident on Karachi’s Karsaz Road in August 2024, has seen several important updates recently.…
This article has been written to help in understanding the Rights of Divorced, Widowed, and Unmarried Daughters to Claim a Parent’s Pension: Insights from Legal Precedents and the 2018 Circular.The…
We get a lot of queries from Civil Servants on Absence from Duty and it’s legal implications for their careers. In the realm of civil service, the duty to uphold…
Over the last five years, the law on misconduct and penalties in civil service has evolved to emphasize procedural fairness, proportionality of penalties, and the need for detailed reasoning in…
The defence of self-defence is a legal principle that allows an individual to use reasonable force to protect themselves or others from imminent harm. This defence justifies actions taken to…
Judicial Attitudes to Corporate Governance in Pakistan: A Case Law Perspective Corporate governance in Pakistan has undergone significant evolution, driven by regulatory reforms and judicial interpretations aimed at enhancing transparency,…
The Exit Control List (ECL) of Pakistan is a critical instrument employed by the government to restrict the movement of individuals deemed to be a threat to national security or…
Welcome to Josh and Mak International, your trusted partner for mergers and acquisitions in Pakistan. As a leading M&A law firm in Islamabad, we are dedicated to providing comprehensive legal…
The Companies Regulations 2024 introduce significant amendments and enhancements to the Companies Act 2017, aimed at modernising corporate governance, improving compliance, and facilitating ease of doing business in Pakistan. Key…
The Constitution of Pakistan includes several provisions to protect the rights of minorities in the country. Key articles and principles relevant to the protection of minority rights are outlined below:…
Proforma promotion, within the context of Pakistani law, pertains to a retrospective elevation in rank and salary for employees who were eligible for promotion but were overlooked due to administrative…
Human trafficking remains a significant issue globally, with Pakistan being no exception. The legal framework governing human trafficking in Pakistan comprises various statutes and international obligations aimed at combating this…
The legal framework for electronic signatures in Pakistan is primarily governed by the Electronic Transactions Ordinance, 2002 (ETO 2002). This ordinance provides the foundation for the recognition and enforcement of…
The Finance Bill, 2024, presented in the National Assembly on June 12, 2024, and subsequently passed as the Finance Act, 2024, on June 28, 2024, introduces significant amendments to Pakistan’s…
Welcome to Josh and Mak International, your trusted legal partner for mental health legislation in Pakistan. Our firm is dedicated to providing expert legal advice and consultancy on mental health…
Welcome to Josh and Mak International, your trusted source for expert legal advice on Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Agreements in the power sector. Our comprehensive services cover all aspects of…
In recent years, the global community has witnessed the escalating impacts of climate change, with developing nations like Pakistan bearing a disproportionate share of the burden. As a country with…
The National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy 2023 (NEEC Policy 2023) represents a significant stride towards sustainable development and climate change mitigation in Pakistan. This policy sets ambitious targets to…
The doctrine of alternative remedy is crucial in the context of writ jurisdiction under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973. This doctrine mandates that individuals must first…
The investment climate in Pakistan presents a unique blend of opportunities and challenges, shaped by the country’s diverse economic landscape and evolving regulatory environment. As Pakistan seeks to attract foreign…
This document presents a detailed comparative analysis of the Foreign Private Investment (Promotion and Protection) Act, 1976, and the Foreign Investment (Promotion and Protection) Act, 2022, focusing on their provisions,…
IPR Enforcement by the Police Key Legal Provisions and Procedures: Intellectual Property Laws in Force: Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan Act, 2012 Patents Ordinance, 2000 (amended in 2002 and 2006)…
Tower Provider Licences in Pakistan are regulatory permits issued by the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) to companies that establish, maintain, lease, rent, or sell telecommunication towers and related infrastructure. These…
Introduction White-collar crime, a term first coined by sociologist Edwin Sutherland, encompasses non-violent crimes committed by individuals in positions of trust and responsibility, typically involving financial deception. Pakistan, like many…
In the dynamic business environment of Pakistan, corporate governance remains a critical aspect that determines the sustainability and success of companies. The landscape of corporate governance is continuously evolving, with…
The provisions elucidated in the Nadra Ordinance 2000 meticulously delineate the framework for the registration of citizens, issuance of identity cards, and the requisite information to be furnished to the…
The intricacies of family law become particularly pronounced when custody and divorce disputes involve foreign or overseas Pakistani parents. These cases often present unique challenges due to the interplay of…
The taxation landscape in Pakistan is governed by a complex framework of laws and regulations aimed at ensuring compliance and fairness in the tax system. The Income Tax Ordinance, 2001,…
In the complex landscape of taxation in Pakistan, the management and resolution of tax liabilities during events such as bankruptcy, winding up, and discontinuance of business are critical considerations for…
This Q & A is for Client Information purposes only.If you need specific advice on ‘Taxation of Mergers and Acquisitions in Pakistan’ please email us at aemen@joshandmak.com Q1: What is…
Introduction to Taxation of Companies in Pakistan: Q&A Compilation The taxation of companies in Pakistan is governed by a comprehensive legal framework outlined in the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001. This…
In recent years, the digital economy has seen exponential growth, with a significant number of individuals and businesses engaging in IT services, online forums, and freelancing activities. This shift towards…
In the complex landscape of international taxation, understanding the intricacies of how foreign source income and the income of non-residents are taxed in Pakistan is crucial for individuals and entities…
Josh and Mak International is available to assist individuals and businesses with a wide range of issues, from compliance matters to civil service laws. The list is well and truly…
Introduction The term “Startup” refers to a new business venture where entrepreneurs and companies combine their skills, ideas, and financial resources to generate new business activity with higher returns. Startups…
The Vital Role of Trees and Relevant Laws in Punjab, Pakistan The Importance of Trees in Combatting Environmental Pollution Trees are crucial in mitigating environmental pollution, providing numerous benefits such…
Josh and Mak International is a premier law firm based in Islamabad, Pakistan, renowned for its expertise in drafting, reviewing, and negotiating complex commercial agreements, including Sales and Purchase Agreements…
Pakistan’s mineral resources are abundant and varied, making the mining sector a significant contributor to the national economy. The regulatory framework governing this sector has evolved over time, aiming to…
The evolution of the Onshore Petroleum Rules in Pakistan reflects significant regulatory developments aimed at enhancing petroleum exploration and production. This comparative analysis focuses on the key differences and improvements…
How We Assist Private Clients and Foreign Companies in Enforcing Foreign Judgments in Pakistan At our law firm, we specialise in providing comprehensive legal services to private clients and foreign…
Wedlock Policy in the Context of Civil Service in Pakistan The wedlock policy in Pakistan aims to facilitate the joint postings of married couples in civil service to minimize the…
At Josh and Mak International, we are pleased to provide our clients with expert legal advice on the FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build (Yellow Book). This contract…
Contact for Further Assistance For deeper insights and personalized legal advice on adopting and adapting FIDIC Conditions of Contract for your specific projects, do not hesitate to contact our expert…
For detailed guidance on Clauses of the FIDIC Conditions of Contract (Red Book) or any other aspects of construction law, please contact us at aemen@joshandmak.com. Our team at Josh and…
This Client Information Article is meant to be a general guide on opening a bank account in Pakistan for our individual clients and entity clients.The process of each bank many…
Josh and Mak International offers comprehensive legal services tailored to clients engaging in projects governed by FIDIC Silver book on EPC/Turnkey Contracts. With a deep understanding of the intricacies of…
Josh and Mak International, with its expertise in international law and commercial contracts, is exceptionally positioned to assist international clients in the drafting and vetting of international supplier agreements. Our…
Josh and Mak International offers an extensive suite of legal services tailored to the drafting of international reseller contracts, ensuring that clients engage in global commerce with confidence and legal…
If you are unsatisfied with your current Staff Handbook for your NGO/INGO please get in touch for a FREE evaluation with us at aemen@joshandmak.com or WhatsApp +92-304-8734889 We advise NGO’s…
Expert Legal Opinions for Pakistani and Overseas Clients At Josh and Mak International, we are committed to providing top-tier legal services to both local and international clients. Our team, driven…
In the realm of legal affairs, the Power of Attorney (PoA) is a vital document that delegates authority from one individual, known as the principal, to another, termed as the…
A Power of Attorney is one of the most useful legal instruments in Pakistan, and one of the most frequently misunderstood. It can allow a person living in London, Dubai,…
Going through the complexities of financial instruments is crucial for individuals and businesses alike. Among these instruments, blank cheques hold a unique position due to their convenience and the inherent…
Last reviewed: August 2026 A legal notice is often the first formal step taken when a commercial, contractual, property, employment, consumer or reputational dispute can no longer be resolved through…
Contracts are the legal architecture of commerce. They allocate obligations, distribute risk, establish payment and performance standards and determine what is to happen when a business relationship does not proceed…
In the sea of insurance litigation, the concept of liquidated damages has evolved as a significant tool for the protection of policyholders’ rights. The cases cited from the Supreme Court…
In the dynamic landscape of Pakistani commerce, commercial lease agreements stand as a cornerstone of business operations, big and small. Navigating through these agreements can be a daunting task, fraught…
Update: As of now, coal power regulation in Pakistan involves both the Private Power and Infrastructure Board (PPIB) and the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA). The PPIB acts as…
At Josh and Mak International, we pride ourselves on offering an extensive range of legal services tailored to meet the diverse needs of our clients. With an unwavering commitment to…
In Pakistani law, as in many other legal systems influenced by Islamic principles, the concepts of dower (“Mahr” in Islamic law) and dowry are distinct, each serving a different purpose…
Order VII rule 11 of the Civil Procedure Code reads as follows: 11. The plaint shall be rejected in the following cases:- a) where it does not disclose a cause…
Divorce proceedings often involve complex and emotionally charged disputes over assets, particularly in cases involving allegations of snatching gold ornaments, a significant issue in many South Asian cultures. A series…
This review of recent case citations offers a comprehensive overview of how various High Courts in Pakistan approach applications for recalling ex parte orders under Rule 13 of the Civil…
Introduction to Extradition in International Law Extradition stands as a cornerstone in the edifice of international law, representing a crucial mechanism for maintaining global justice and security. At its core,…
Real estate partnerships, when structured effectively, can be a powerful vehicle for both growth and risk mitigation. However, achieving a fair balance for all parties involved requires careful planning, clear…
Key Terms for an Effective Exclusivity Agreement Internationally Introduction: In the business world, exclusivity agreements are a powerful tool, forging strong partnerships while providing mutual benefits. These agreements, however, demand…
Josh and Mak International, as a law firm in Pakistan with a focus on client satisfaction and effective communication, offers a comprehensive range of legal services related to willful default,…
Josh and Mak International effectively caters to the needs of both financial institutions and borrowers, ensuring comprehensive legal support in the specialized field of banking litigation and finance recovery under…
This Client Information Article is aimed at discussing successful remedies for owners of commercial and residential property, having their premises sealed through government action.In analysing the cases concerning the sealing…
Proforma defendants are those who are named in a legal action but are not expected to be active participants in the litigation. They are included because they may have an…
In the pursuit of justice, the courts in Pakistan face the perpetual challenge of balancing the scales between due process and expeditious resolution of cases. The practice of seeking adjournments,…
Our Law Firm Josh and Mak International offers a comprehensive suite of legal services related to legal obligations and liabilities arising from the Post-Dated Cheques in business transactions : Legal…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide an array of legal services designed to support our clients through the complexities of marital contracts and the implications thereof. Our approach to…
Initially, the Control of Narcotic Substances Act, 1997 had provisions in Section 9 that dealt with punishments for contraventions of Sections 6, 7, and 8. The punishments were based on…
The Shia law of inheritance in Pakistan has been the subject of numerous cases that have been adjudicated by various courts across the country. The first set of cases cited…
Lis pendens is a Latin term that translates to “pending litigation.” In legal terms, it refers to a doctrine that ensures any property subject to ongoing litigation cannot be transferred…
The Punjab Prohibition of Interest on Private Loans Act: An Overview The Punjab Prohibition of Interest on Private Loans Act 2022, commonly referred to as the PPI Act, is a…
The consolidation of suits is a critical feature in the management of civil proceedings. In Pakistan, this is governed by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC), which serves as…
Fraud and Misrepresentation in Pakistani Case Law: A Review of Recent Judgments from 2023 In the complex tapestry of legal proceedings, few concepts are as contested and consequential as fraud…
Frivolous litigation and malicious prosecution are both legal concepts that revolve around the misuse of the judicial process. However, their nature, motivations, and implications differ. The intersection between these two…
In the realm of commercial transactions and business practices, competition law plays a pivotal role in ensuring a level playing field, fostering economic efficiency, and safeguarding consumer interests against detrimental…
Update: A lot of queries have come up, asking about the power of court to block CNIC in a civil matter.This power comes from an amended first schedule of the…
****Law on Permission to Sell a Minor’s property**** This Client Information Article discusses the powers of a Guardian to sale the property of a minor. The sections of the Guardians…
What is the difference between Absconders and Proclaimed offenders in Pakistani law? In Pakistani law, there is a clear distinction between absconders and proclaimed offenders, both terms used to describe…
In the legal sphere, a consent decree is a resolution between parties involved in a lawsuit, agreed to by the parties and sanctioned by the court. Generally, an appeal against…
Perpetuity in law generally refers to a situation or condition which is meant to exist indefinitely without an end. This concept has been illustrated through the mentioned citations in various…
Section 9 of the NATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY ORDINANCE 1999 (a) A holder of a public office, or any other person, is said to commit or to have committed the offence of…
Introduction In the realm of legal safeguards against property-related crimes in Pakistan, the Illegal Dispossession Act, 2005 stands as a formidable shield to protect the rights of lawful property owners…
We have recently received a lot of queries from the general public, especially members of the Sindh Police regarding major and minor penalties imposed upon them and possible remedies. We…
Background to Transparency and Right to information Legislation in Pakistan In a nation grappling with persistent reports of corruption within official circles, Pakistan’s journey towards enacting Right to Information (RTI)…
Update 2022: The latest Government Policy on Upgradation supersedes Establishment Division’s OM No. 8/36 2000-R-1 dated 20-01-2001: OM No. 8/36/2000-R-1 dated 03-02-2001: OM No. 8/36 2000-R-1 dated 11-09-2018 and others…
Josh and Mak International, being a full-service law firm, offer a range of legal services to individuals and companies in Pakistan and abroad in the realm of copyrights and related…
Josh and Mak International can offer a range of legal services related to industrial design protection and intellectual property rights in Pakistan. Some of the services they can provide to…
Legal Advisory Note: Regulation of International NGOs (“INGOs”) in Pakistan Note: If your INGO is having problems understanding the 2015 INGO policy or the checklist accompanying it, feel free to…
The Right to Privacy in the Pakistani Workplace The right to privacy, defined as “freedom from unauthorized and unreasonable intrusion into individuals’ personal affairs,” is recognized as a fundamental right…
Legal Advice on Data Protection Laws in Pakistan by Josh and Mak International As a leading law firm in Pakistan, Josh and Mak International offers expert legal advice on data…
The Easy Exit Regulations stipulate that all private and public unlisted companies, including associations not for profit licensed under section 42 of the Companies Ordinance, 1984/Companies Act 2017, can file…
Are you following the OceanGate Titan Submersible Disaster? Have legal questions? Get in touch at aemen@joshandmak.com Background to the Disappearance of Underwater Vehicle (UV) Titan This legal note addresses the…
Property transfers in Pakistan require meticulous attention to legal details and adherence to the applicable laws and regulations. With our comprehensive legal services and expert advice, you can navigate the…
Quashment or Quashing of FIR (First Information Report) refers to the process of seeking the cancellation or dismissal of an FIR filed against an individual in Pakistani law. An FIR…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the intricacies of Islamic law and its impact on matters of inheritance. Pakistani Inheritance is based entirely on Shariah (Islamic law).A common query…
Delays in payment for land purchases in Pakistan can be a challenging issue to navigate, but there are legal remedies available to enforce the terms of the contract and protect…
Update from 2023: We wrote the original article a while back when the NADRA Succession Certificate Service was not available.At this point legal heirs in Islamabad, KPK, Sindh and Punjab…
Important Update: Important Update: With effect from 1 January 2026, Josh and Mak International no longer offers free consultations or pro bono legal advice. This decision reflects a deliberate and…
Introduction Company registration in Pakistan is a crucial step for entrepreneurs and businesses looking to establish a legal presence in the country. The process, governed by the Companies Act, 2017,…
The Zainab Alert, Recovery and Response Act, 2020 is a law passed by the government of Pakistan aimed at preventing and responding to cases of child abduction, abuse, and exploitation.…
Josh and Mak International can offer the following legal services to clients in Pakistan and abroad: Geographical Indications Registration and Protection: Josh and Mak International can assist clients in the…
Introduction Pakistan offers foreign investors access to one of the world’s largest consumer markets, a substantial working-age population, strategically located transport and trade corridors, a developed corporate and banking sector,…
In recent years, Pakistan has witnessed notable advancements in the regulatory landscape governing solar power, reflecting a concerted effort to promote renewable energy and address the nation’s energy challenges. Integration…
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnected network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and network connectivity, enabling them to collect and…
A non-solicitation clause is a type of contract clause that prohibits one party from soliciting the other party’s employees, customers, or suppliers. These clauses are often used by businesses to…
We receive a significant number of inquiries from both employers and employees seeking clarification on the enforceability of Non-Compete and Non-Disclosure Contracts (NCDAs) in Pakistan. Additionally, there is a considerable…
Bait-and-switch is an unethical sales tactic commonly employed in various industries, including the property market in Pakistan. It involves enticing potential customers with attractive offers or deals, only to switch…
The emergence of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) has created a fascinating interplay between technology, commerce, and law. NFTs, digital assets representing ownership of unique items or rights on a blockchain, have…
Our legal acumen pertaining to Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotics, LLMs, Deep Learning, and Machine Learning involves an in-depth understanding of the legal issues that arise from the use of these…
Whether you are a business incubator, a start-up or venture capitalist, we can advise you on your business incubator contract. Have an incubator contract to review? Email us now at…
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a comprehensive data protection law that came into effect on 25 May 2018, replacing the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. While primarily aimed at…
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 is a law in Pakistan that aims to provide equal rights to transgender people and to safeguard their rights through legal recognition.…
The digital power of attorney (PoA) service from NADRA in Pakistan is a secure and convenient way for overseas Pakistanis to grant power of attorney to someone in Pakistan. The…
Ijazat Aap Ki (Your Permission) is a service launched by the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) in Pakistan in March 2023. The service allows citizens to give their consent…
Whether it is the case of a judgement-debtor who simply will not pay, or that of a spouse in a divorce keen on hiding their assets, proving someone has a…
An Employee Invention Assignment and Confidentiality Agreement (EIACA) is a legal contract between an employee and an employer that outlines the employee’s obligations regarding inventions and confidential information. The EIACA…
Crafting the Perfect Influencer Agreement: A Comprehensive Guide (updated December 2023) In the dynamic realm of influencer marketing, particularly in Australia, the importance of a well-structured Influencer Agreement cannot be…
A beta agreement is a contract between a company and a beta tester that outlines the terms of the beta testing process. It is important for both parties to have…
A security and privacy addendum is a legally binding document that outlines the security and privacy obligations of the parties involved in a transaction.Data intensive online businesses generally display this…
If you or someone you know is being threatened or blackmailed by a deepfake video, please get in touch for legal consultation at aemen@joshandmak.comThe answer is yes, you can sue…
A Software as a Service (SaaS) agreement and an End-User License Agreement (EULA) are both legal contracts that govern the use of software. However, there are some key differences between…
Vicarious Liability and the Emergence of Chatbots In the age of digital transformation, the proliferation of chatbots has revolutionized the way businesses interact with customers. These AI-driven assistants are not…
The Draft National Artificial Intelligence Policy of Pakistan is a policy framework that aims to promote the responsible and ethical use of artificial intelligence (AI) in Pakistan. The policy was…
Due diligence is the process of gathering information about a company before investing in it. It is important to do due diligence on any company, but it is especially important…
Due diligence is the process of gathering information about a property before buying it. It is important to do due diligence on any property, but it is especially important in…
Geofencing is a location-based technology that creates a virtual boundary or perimeter around a real-world geographic area. It allows authorities, including the police, to define specific geographic zones and receive…
Message for the General Public: Welcome to our comprehensive guide on Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Registration in Pakistan. The first decision you must make upon arriving at this page is…
The unfortunate event of an employee’s death can bring about emotional distress and present various practical legal challenges in the workplace, particularly if the employee had access to crucial documentation…
Every year, we receive numerous queries from foreign companies who feel they have been unfairly treated by local state departments in Pakistan during the bidding process for local contracts. The…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the attractiveness of Pakistan as a jurisdiction for bidding on procurement contracts, particularly for our clients operating internationally with corporate seats in key…
As the real estate market in Pakistan continues to attract overseas Pakistanis, it is crucial to address the concerns and challenges they face when buying or selling property. At our…
Don’t leave your contracts to chance! Getting your contract reviewed by legal experts has never been easier. Simply reach out to us at aemen@joshandmak.com. Our team will promptly respond to…
Unlock Secure Property Transactions with Josh and Mak International Are you considering buying property in Pakistan? Don’t take any chances when it comes to such a significant investment. Trust Josh…
Question: Hi, wanted to ask that in case of contracts for hiring of services, specifically for outsourced staff, is it allowed to incorporate in tender documents for Annual Contract that…
Question: Can a local company bid in foreign currency under international tenders in Pakistan? Answer: Yes, a local company in Pakistan is permitted to bid in foreign currency under international…
The Panama Papers scandal, which emerged in 2016, unveiled a labyrinth of offshore holdings linked to numerous global figures, including Pakistan’s then-Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif, and his family. The revelations…
Employers in Pakistan often face the dilemma of vetting prospective candidates through social media platforms, balancing the benefits of gaining valuable insights with the legal and ethical implications. This legal…
As a foreign EPC contractor intending to establish a legal entity in Lahore, Pakistan, to conduct EPC contracting business (residential and commercial buildings, waste water treatment, road, power, railways buildings),…
At Josh and Mak International, our team of qualified legal experts is dedicated to providing comprehensive guidance and assistance in various aspects of mining law in Pakistan, particularly in the…
At Josh and Mak International, we are excited to introduce our new specialist service in Competitive Bid Writing and Bid Management. As one of the leading teams of Procurement Consultants…
In the realm of dispute resolution in the Islamabad Capital Territory, court proceedings are often seen as the default option. However, it is crucial to consider alternative avenues such as…
In the context of Pakistani law, it is well-established that courts generally avoid awarding specific performance in personal services contracts. The Specific Relief Act of 1877 stands as a cornerstone…
By Barrister Aemen Zulfikar Maluka It is common to encounter, during contract review requests by clients, a contractor request for a limitation on liability for “intentional or criminal misconduct or…
Josh and Mak International, offers a comprehensive suite of legal services to address the various needs of both landlords and tenants. Legal Consultation and Advisory Services: Offer expert legal advice…
Navigating through the complex and regionally diverse legal landscape of the real estate sector in Pakistan can be a daunting task, especially for overseas Pakistanis and foreigners. The intricacies involved…
Updated Article Introduction In the realm of intellectual property, trademarks play a crucial role in distinguishing goods and services. Among the various symbols associated with trademarks, the ® (registered trademark)…
Josh and Mak International are well-equipped to provide expert legal advice and representation on issues related to stale cheques, dishonored cheques, debt recovery, legal notices for cheque dishonoring, lodging of…
A charitable or non-profit association with the aim of promoting health, social welfare, and charity can be established as a public company with limited liability under Section 42 of the…
NGO/NPO/Charities Registration in Pakistan Understanding the evolving legal framework for not-for-profit organizations (NPOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Pakistan Over the past five years, Pakistan has witnessed significant changes to…
In the realm of public service, ensuring that government officers are treated fairly in terms of their postings and transfers is crucial. Recently, a significant legal case highlighted the plight…
NAB-Related Writ Petition for Suspension of Sentence: Section 426 Cr.P.C. Inapplicability in NAB Cases At Josh and Mak International, we recently handled a critical case involving a Writ Petition challenging…
Introduction to Q&A on Pakistani Tax Law Provisions Concerning International Taxation In an increasingly globalised economy, understanding the intricacies of international taxation is paramount for individuals and businesses operating across…
There is nobody better than the expert team at Josh and Mak International to guide you through the minefield that are the customs and trade remedy laws in Pakistan! Granted,…
Civil service promotion disputes in Pakistan are deceptively technical. An officer may believe that he or she has simply been “denied promotion”, yet the legal controversy may actually concern eligibility,…
Josh and Mak International provides comprehensive legal services pertaining to due diligence exercises and opinions after examining land registry documents in Pakistan. These services include: Title Verification and Ownership Analysis:…
Mediation Law in Pakistan Pakistan is not a signatory on any international treaties pertaining to mediation. The mediation law in our country is not based on any of these treaties…
Question: Our foreign company is planning to expand in Pakistan by establishing subsidiary and start oil and gas exploration work with our own technologies. In order to begin the process…
The Interplay of Civil and Criminal Proceedings: A Review of Judicial Perspectives Introduction: In the realm of legal proceedings, the interaction between civil and criminal cases can lead to intricate…
Suits for Declaration and Permanent Injunction In Pakistani law, suits for declaration and permanent injunction are common remedies sought in civil litigation. These suits typically involve the plaintiff asking the…
This Opinion involving due diligence of the land has been published with the consent of our client, and names and identities have been concealed to respect their privacy. If you…
The case “Nishat Dairy (Pvt.) Ltd. versus Commissioner Inland Revenue and others” (2013 P T D 1883) heard by the Lahore High Court on 25th March 2013 addresses the issue…
Child Custody in Pakistan, FAQs, and relevant case law on Section 491 CrPc, Section 100 CrPc Section 12 and Section 25 of the Guardians and Wards Act, Pakistan (including other…
The Electronic Money Institutions (EMI) regulations are a cornerstone of the evolving financial landscape, introduced to foster innovation, inclusivity, and security in the digital payments ecosystem. Their primary aim is…
It has been reported that a group of Pakistani clerics have declared that marriage between transgender persons is permitted in Islam and that also have the right to a ceremonial…
Update June 2023: Filing for Trademark Registration in Pakistan is Now Online! Introduction to filing online trademarks in Pakistan : In a groundbreaking development for Intellectual Property (IP) applicants and…
Legal Aspects Pertaining to Co-Sharer ( Co-owners /Joint Sharers of Land in Pakistan) In Pakistan, the concept of co-sharer of land is significant in cases where multiple individuals share ownership…
Introduction: Understanding the legal framework and procedures of civil litigation in Pakistan can be challenging for those unfamiliar with the system. This comprehensive blog aims to demystify the process, offering…
A successful application for civil revision hinges on demonstrating that the lower courts have either acted with material irregularity or have made decisions without jurisdiction, or that there has been…
Update 2020 about ‘Pecuniary Jurisdiction of Islamabad High Court As per Sections 4 & 10 of CPC (Amendment) Act, 2020, Sections 6 & 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure,…
A common question which is often asked by our clients is whether they can have their pleadings amended.We understand that by nature this article is fairly technical so if you…
As a leading law firm in Pakistan, Josh and Mak International offers a comprehensive range of legal services related to the Law of Patents. Our expert team of patent attorneys…
*Updated for the Companies Act, 2017, Companies Regulations, 2024, eZfile and the Pakistani corporate-law position as at August 2026 Establishing a company in Pakistan is considerably easier today than it…
In the ever-evolving digital age, the protection of intellectual property (IP) has become increasingly complex and crucial. The cyber world, with its vast expanse and rapid exchange of information, presents…
Client Query 1: Query: What is the minimum response time for procurement advertisements? Answer: According to Rule 13 of the Public Procurement Rules 2004, the minimum response time for procurement…
Updated Article 2024 The concept of telecom passive infrastructure sharing in Pakistan has gained significant traction in 2024, marked by the recent approval of the Telecom Infrastructure Sharing Framework (TISF)…
A practical guide for overseas clients requiring reliable legal advice, representation, document authentication or dispute resolution in Pakistan. Last legally reviewed: 5 August 2026 Introduction A foreign client’s first difficulty…
There is something irresistible about a good energy story. “The world is running out of oil.” “Oil is finished.” “Electric vehicles will kill petroleum.” “OPEC controls the price.” “Storage tanks…
Navigating the complex landscape of employment law can be challenging for both employers and employees in Pakistan. At Josh and Mak International, we offer specialized legal advice and services to…
Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Export Facilitation Scheme (EFS) Q1: Which SRO regulates the EFS? A: The Export Facilitation Scheme (EFS) is regulated by SRO 957(1)/2021, dated 30 July 2021. Q2:…
The Customs Act, 1969, as amended up to June 2023, serves as the primary legal framework governing customs operations in Pakistan. This comprehensive legislation outlines the procedures, regulations, and authorities…
Any foreigner who has been granted a naturalization certificate under the naturalization Act 1926 is registered as a citizen of Pakistan under section 9 of the Pakistan Citizenship Act 1951…
Whether your business is large or small, at Josh and Mak International our role is to facilitate your company’s continuing growth and expansion. Our goal is to anticipate and prevent…
Josh and Mak International is a distinguished law firm offering comprehensive legal services in the domain of arbitration law in Pakistan. With a deep understanding of both domestic and international…
Q: What is the vision of Pakistan’s Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication for the IT sector? A: The vision is to establish an accelerated digitisation ecosystem to enable socio-economic…
Admiralty and maritime shipping laws in Pakistan form a critical framework governing the nation’s navigable waters, vessels, and the rights and obligations of maritime operators. Pakistan, strategically located along the…
At Josh and Mak International, we recognise the intricate tax implications associated with every business decision. We are committed to offering practical, tailored, and expertly crafted tax solutions to address…
The banking sector in Pakistan operates under a well-structured legal framework designed to ensure stability, transparency, and efficiency. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the primary laws and regulations…
Josh and Mak International is synonymous with excellence in property law in Pakistan. As leading experts in the field, we offer comprehensive legal services, expert advice, and strategic guidance for…
Labour laws play a crucial role in ensuring fair treatment, protection, and well-being of employees in a country. In Pakistan, there are more than 16 laws that mandate compliance and…
Here at Josh and Mak International we can help you will all matters relating to the appointment of any employees including cases involving civil servants, regulations regarding workers or workmen,…
As a renowned Pakistani law firm, Josh and Mak International takes great pride in offering exceptional legal services to a diverse clientele, including British Pakistanis, Overseas Pakistanis, and Pakistani expatriates…
Embarking on a partnership venture in Pakistan can be an exciting and rewarding endeavor. However, it’s crucial to navigate the legal landscape with precision and clarity to ensure the success…
Our updated 2026 Legal Guide to Foreign Investment, Pakistani Subsidiaries, Branch and Liaison Offices, Joint Ventures, Acquisitions, Taxation, Banking, Repatriation, Employment, Regulatory Compliance and Market Entry Last legally reviewed: August…
Mandatory Website Set-up, Maintenance and Compliance for Public Companies in Pakistan Ask the Compliance experts. Email us at aemen@joshandmak.com Claim a FREE evaluation report of your website’s legal compliance today!…
In Pakistan, the standard office hours typically run from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. These hours are generally observed by most businesses and government offices. The country operates in the…
Governed by the Weekly Holidays Act 1942 which provides for persons employed in shops, restaurants and theatres. It declares that a shop will be entirely closed one day in every…
Under § 24 of State Bank of Pakistan Ordinance 1955 the Bank has the sole right to issue bank notes for periods fixed by Federal Government. Rate of exchange is…
Understanding the Status of Aliens and Citizenship in Pakistan Introduction In Pakistan, the legal status of aliens and citizenship is defined by the Pakistan Citizenship Act of 1951, as amended…
The legal landscape surrounding civil servants’ promotions in Pakistan appears complex, particularly within the jurisdiction of service matters, individuals often encounter numerous legal forums and procedural hurdles. Promotion disputes can…
Telecommunication Consumer Protection (Amendment) Regulations, 2015 The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) has introduced the Telecommunication Consumer Protection (Amendment) Regulations, 2015, amending the original Telecommunication Consumer Protection Regulations of 2009. These…
Mutation is a vital legal process in land law in Pakistan that validates property ownership and updates land records in Pakistan. Property owners must understand the significance of mutation and…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the significance of the Federal Shariat Court in the Pakistani legal system, particularly in matters related to Islamic law. With our team of…
This is an administrative forum based in Islamabad with satellite offices in other cities of Pakistan, created to investigate the complaints of maladministration against the Government and its agencies. Its…
Provincial High Courts Provincial High Courts are the apex courts for common law court systems operating in the provinces, and is generally seen as the highest appellate level for the…
Cancellation of Bail in Pakistan (Updated to 2023) The cancellation of bail (Pre-Arrest and Post-Arrest) in Pakistan is a critical legal matter that requires the court’s careful consideration of various…
This commentary is not a substitute for proper legal advice.If you have queries related to the law on Pakistani Citizenship email us at aemen@joshandmak.com Citizenship and the rights associated with…
The Special Marriage Act 1872 governs the marriages of persons who are not professing Buddhists, Christians, Hindus, Muslims, Parsis, Sikhs or Jains and also those persons who profess the Hindu,…
New Service! While one problem in getting timely UK immigration for Pakistani Citizens is the fact that over the last many years the UK Border Agency has been making the…
Q: What is a Succession Certificate? A: A Succession Certificate is a document issued to the legal heirs of a deceased person for moveable properties like a car, cash in…
The labour landscape in Pakistan is shaped by a complex interplay of constitutional provisions, legislative enactments, and judicial interpretations. The Constitution of Pakistan, under Part II, enshrines fundamental rights and…
Introduction The fundamental premise of bail entails releasing an individual from the clutches of law enforcement authorities, placing them under the supervision of sureties who are committed to ensure the…
The discussion surrounding the provincial legislature’s authority to impose market fees under Section 19 of the Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1939, as read with Rule 29 of the Agricultural Produce…
Legal Alert: Changes with the Introduction of Sindh Waqf Properties Act 2020 Josh and Mak International would like to bring to your attention the recent developments in the legal landscape…
The law of Habeas Corpus in Pakistan is governed by Section 491 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 which gives any High Court of Pakistan, the ower to issue directions of…
Contempt of court is a legal mechanism designed to protect the authority and dignity of the judiciary, ensuring that its orders and proceedings are respected and upheld. In the legal…
The status of a Pardanashin (Pardahnashin) lady in Muslim law holds significant legal implications, especially in matters of agreements, property transactions, and protection of their interests. In this blog, we…
A review of case law reveals significant insights into the principles and judicial reasoning applied to the expunction of adverse remarks in Annual Confidential Reports (ACRs) or Performance Evaluation Reports…
The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923, is a pivotal piece of legislation that enshrines the rights of workmen by ensuring compensation for injuries sustained during the course of employment. This Act…
What’s the Difference? Novation is a mechanism whereby one party can transfer all its obligations under a contract and all its benefits arising from that contract to a third party.…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the frequent legal queries that arise regarding services matters for WAPDA employees. To assist our clients, we have compiled summaries of recent cases…
If you are a civil servant accused of misconduct, it is crucial to understand that you can challenge your penalty on the basis of ‘equality’ in the treatment of others…
Did you know that it is your legal right to have your case decided in a timely and expeditious manner? The law is unequivocal on this matter, as discussed below.…
The termination of employment following the abolition of posts is a complex issue that intersects with various legal principles and regulations. This blog post examines several pivotal cases to understand…
Pakistan’s oil and gas industry is not governed by a single statute, regulator or commercial model. A modern petroleum project may begin with a federal petroleum right, involve provincial constitutional…
Shipbreaking (also referred to as ‘Ship Breaking’) – the dismantling of end-of-life vessels for scrap – is a significant yet controversial industry in Pakistan. Centered at Gadani Beach in Balochistan,…
With our extensive expertise and understanding of the court jurisdictions in Pakistan, we are well-equipped to guide our clients through the legal process. Our team of skilled professionals can help…
An interested witness is an individual who has a direct stake or interest in the outcome of a legal proceeding, typically because they are connected to the case in a…
Tazkiyah al-Shuhood is a concept in Islamic jurisprudence that pertains to the verification and certification of the credibility of witnesses in legal proceedings, particularly in cases involving serious offences such…
The Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) of 1860, initially promulgated during the British colonial era, has undergone numerous amendments to align it with Islamic principles, especially post-1977 under the regime of…
Recent developments in Pakistani law have underscored the significant impact of Shariah principles on family, civil, and criminal legal frameworks. These influences, rooted deeply in Islamic jurisprudence, shape various aspects…
In Pakistan, the Board of Investment (BOI) plays a crucial role in promoting and facilitating both local and foreign investments. The Government of Pakistan (GOP) has recently implemented the Pakistan…
Update on Pakistan’s Labour Inspection Policy 2006 Since its inception, Pakistan’s Labour Inspection Policy 2006 has undergone several updates and reforms to address the evolving needs of the labour market…
Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are a cornerstone of modern commerce, playing a crucial role in fostering innovation, creativity, and economic growth. In Pakistan, the landscape of intellectual property law is…
Application of Islamic Laws in Pakistani Law Islamic laws, or Sharia, significantly influence the legal framework of Pakistan. Since its inception in 1947, Pakistan has endeavoured to incorporate Islamic principles…
The You-Tube case (a judicial and public policy perspective) This article was first published in E-Commerce Law Reports, Vol 14, Issue 4 (www.e-comlaw.com/eclr) pp 22-23 Author: Senior Partner Josh and…
I. Requisition of Shareholders for an EGM Pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2017, shareholders holding not less than one-tenth of the total voting power in the case…
To establish a place of business in Pakistan, foreign companies must comply with several requirements under the Companies Act, 2017. These include: Application of the Act: This part of the…
Yes, a foreign company is required to obtain specific permissions from various organizations in Pakistan to open and maintain its branch or liaison office. A foreign company is required to…
Please visit our main page on Section 42 Companies registered under the Companies Act 2017. Article continues below Non-Profit Company Registration in Pakistan u/s 42 Companies Act 2017 To provide…
Under the Companies Act, 2017, a private company can be converted into a single-member company by following the procedures outlined in Section 47 of the Act. The key steps involved…
When conducting due diligence on a company, obtaining certified copies of essential documents such as the Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association, and Certificate of Incorporation is crucial. At Josh…
Transfer of Membership in a Single Member Company As a single member company (SMC), the transfer of membership is a procedure that adheres to specific regulations under the Companies Act,…
Yes, under the Companies Act 2017, it is possible to convert a Single Member Company (SMC) into a private company. The process for this conversion is outlined in Section 47…
Yes, a single person can form a company in Pakistan. This is governed by the Companies Act, 2017, which allows for the formation of a Single Member Company (SMC). The…
In Pakistan, certain types of companies require prior permission from specific ministries or departments before they can be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP). These requirements…
In Pakistan, any person or persons wishing to form a private company must adhere to the stipulations set forth in the Companies Act, 2017. Specifically, two or more persons associated…
Any three or more persons associated for lawful purpose may, by subscribing their names to the Memorandum of Association and complying with the requirements of the Companies Act 2017 to…
In Pakistan, if the whereabouts of your husband are unknown for an extended period, you can seek to end your marriage through the legal process of dissolution of marriage, commonly…
Parsis are governed by Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act 1936 which lists several varied grounds.By the Amendment Act, 1975 (Act IV of 1976) jurisdiction has now been conferred solely on…
Yes, under Muslim personal law in Pakistan, a husband can delegate the right of pronouncing divorce to his wife. This is known as Talaq-e-Tafweez or delegated divorce. The conditions and…
Christian marriages in Pakistan differ in several respects from Muslim marriages, and the governing laws and traditions reflect these distinctions. Common question on interfaith marriages in Pakistan : Under what…
In the context of Islamic law, a Muslim marriage can be dissolved through various means. These include: By Husband at His Will (Talaq): The husband has the unilateral right to…
Josh and Mak International is a renowned law firm in Islamabad, Pakistan, providing expert legal services for divorce and khula (dissolution of marriage) cases. With extensive experience in mediating and…
If any husband fails to maintain his wife adequately (while the marriage is intact), or where there are more wives than one, fails to maintain them equitably, the wife, or…
Any man who wishes to divorce his wife shall, as soon as may be after the pronouncement of Talaq in any form whatsoever, give the chairman a notice in writing…
Yes, a Muslim marriage in Pakistan can be dissolved by means other than Talaq (divorce). Islamic law recognizes several methods for dissolving a Muslim marriage, providing options for both the…
A man can enter into another marriage provided he acquires permission in writing of the Arbitration Council, under Muslim Family Law Ordinance, without such permission marriage will not be registered.…
Under the Muslim Family Law Ordinance Union Council shall register every marriage solemnized under Muslim Law in accordance with the Nikah registrar licensed. In Pakistan, the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance,…
With reference to the judicial and non-judicial procedures used to resolve conflicts arising from the use of domain names, most of the countries where a Network Information Centre (NIC) or…
In an online dispute we will be looking at the requirements which will need to be proven under the ICANN’s UDRP (Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy). Based on these , the…
Cybersquatting, the act of registering, using, or selling a domain name with the intent to profit from another’s established brand or trademark, is a growing concern in Pakistan’s digital landscape.…
Josh and Mak International can offer the following legal services to both local and foreign companies: Legal Advice on Domain Name Registration: Josh and Mak International can legally assist companies…
The realm of international intellectual property law is a vast and intricate field that governs the protection of creations of the mind, including inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols,…
Update 2024 The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Ordinance, enacted in 2002, continues to play a contentious role in regulating media freedom in Pakistan. Over the years, amendments to…
The Registered Designs Ordinance, 2000 and the Registered Designs Rules, 2023 form the cornerstone of the legal framework governing the protection of industrial designs in Pakistan. As a member of…
The Indus Waters Treaty 1960 is no longer merely an ageing but resilient water-sharing agreement between Pakistan and India. As of September 2026, it has become the subject of one…
Understanding tax liabilities can often seem daunting, especially within the framework of comprehensive legislation like Pakistan’s Income Tax Ordinance, 2001. This Ordinance, which came into effect on July 1, 2002,…
The legal system in Pakistan is a blend of various influences, including Islamic law, British common law, and traditional customary law. Here are some common legal concepts and terms frequently…
Introduction to the Glossary of Legal and Latin Terms, Phrases, and Concepts This glossary is a meticulously compiled resource of legal and Latin terms, phrases, and concepts, designed to serve…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the importance of clarity and effective communication when dealing with clients requiring guidance on Pakistani Land Property records and we aim provide them…
An International Investment Agreement (IIA) is a treaty between two or more countries designed to promote and protect investments made by investors from the respective countries. IIAs typically include provisions…
In Pakistan, the legal framework addressing the rights of indigenous and tribal persons is shaped by a combination of international conventions, national laws, and customary practices. Pakistan ratified the International…
The evolution of Pakistan’s forest policy reflects the country’s response to both national and international environmental commitments and the socio-economic dynamics of its forest regions. The first forest policy in…
Update: Recent Developments in Pakistani Media and Broadcasting Laws In recent years, Pakistan has seen significant developments in its media and broadcasting laws, primarily aimed at consolidating regulatory control and…
Introduction Pakistan’s media landscape, dynamic and evolving, operates under a structured regulatory framework primarily governed by the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA). This framework ensures that broadcast media and…
Update 2024: Since 2014, the Reko Diq case has seen significant developments. In March 2022, Pakistan signed a landmark agreement to avoid an $11 billion penalty, effectively resolving a long-standing…
A wife can divorce on her own given that she has been granted the right to Divorce (delegated power of divorce) at the time of the Nikah. This right is…
Yes, in Pakistan, a marriage can be dissolved by means other than Talaq (divorce). The dissolution of a marriage is governed by different laws and procedures depending on the circumstances…
Yes, a Muslim Pakistani man can enter into another marriage provided he acquires permission in writing of the Arbitration Council, under Muslim Family Law Ordinance, without such permission marriage will…
The power and energy sector in Pakistan is a critical component of the country’s infrastructure and economic development. At Josh and Mak International, we offer a wide range of legal…
In today’s digital age, the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a crucial role in various sectors of the economy. At Josh and Mak International, we recognize the…
At Josh and Mak International, we provide comprehensive legal advice on the Pakistani competition/antitrust legal-regulatory framework. Our expertise in this field assists clients in achieving their strategic objectives while ensuring…
The case of Bytes for All v. Federation of Pakistan, W.P. No. 958/2013, represents a landmark judgment in the realm of digital rights and freedom of expression in Pakistan. This…
There are no restrictions on marriage with a foreigner except for Government servants. Therefore yes, a Pakistani individual can marry a foreigner. The marriage between a Pakistani citizen and a…
In Pakistan, the process for acquiring citizenship is not automatic for foreign women married to Pakistani citizens. The Pakistani nationality law does provide provisions for foreign spouses of Pakistani citizens…
Firstly, the notion that a husband and wife are considered separate legal entities is a fundamental principle in many legal systems, including Pakistan. This concept allows spouses to enter into…
Under the Companies Act 2017, a foreign company can establish and operate in Pakistan by adhering to the provisions set out in Part XII of the Act. The steps involved…
Updated: 2026 A company incorporated in Pakistan can alter its Memorandum of Association, but the answer is considerably more nuanced than a simple “yes”. The Memorandum is part of the…
Can an Affidavit Sworn Abroad Be Acceptable in Pakistan? When addressing the admissibility and acceptability of affidavits sworn abroad in Pakistan, it is essential to navigate the complex interplay of…
Under Pakistan law, a husband can potentially be held liable for an action in breach of trust committed by his wife, depending on the specific circumstances and the nature of…
The mining sector in Pakistan is subject to various taxes and levies under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, and other applicable laws. The key taxes and levies applicable to the…
Partnership arrangements in Pakistan are governed by the Partnership Act, 1932. This Act outlines the legal framework for the formation, conduct, and dissolution of partnerships. The Act includes detailed provisions…
In Pakistan, the need for a Partnership Agreement is primarily governed by the Partnership Act, 1932. While the law does not mandate a written partnership agreement for the formation of…
In Pakistan, it is indeed possible for a company to be a partner or a shareholder in another company or a registered partnership. The specific legal framework governing such arrangements…
According to the Partnership Act, 1932 of Pakistan, while it is not mandatory for a partnership firm to be registered, there are significant legal and practical benefits to doing so.…
No, under the current legal framework in Pakistan, a minor cannot be a partner or director in a firm or company. The law does not permit individuals who are minors…
As a partner in a legal (corporate) partnership under the Partnership Act, 1932, your rights and liabilities are outlined comprehensively. The Act governs the relations between partners, their conduct in…
Retirement of a Partner in Pakistan: Legal Provisions and Procedure Under Pakistani law, the retirement of a partner from a partnership is governed by the Partnership Act, 1932. This Act…
A partnership/firm may be dissolved with mutual consent of the Partners or by adjudication of all partners, or if the firm becomes insolvent. The Partnership Act, 1932, governs the dissolution…
In case 1995 C L C 1823 the property in question was not treated as evacuee property under the West Pakistan (Administration of Evacuee Property) Act, 1957. The plaintiffs were…
The information provided in this bulletin is intended to inform but is not a substitute for specific legal or other professional advice where warranted by each situation’s facts and circumstances.…
Dispute Resolution in the Oil and Gas Industry Update 2024: Since 2010, the landscape of dispute resolution in the UK oil and gas industry has evolved significantly, reflecting broader changes…
The year 2012 saw lower growth in the energy sectors of China, India, and Brazil, influenced by uncertainties surrounding the “fiscal cliff” in the U.S. and the Euro crisis. These…
Q: What is the “polluter pays principle” in environmental law? A: The “polluter pays principle” is a concept where the polluting party is responsible for covering the costs of managing…
The UK government has tabled reforms to UK competition law which could allow the removal of the “concurrent” powers of sector regulators to apply competition law. The proposed changes extend…
Update : Between 2014 and 2024, there have been several notable oil discoveries around the globe that have significantly impacted the energy sector. Here are some of the most prominent…
On 5 February 2013, the European Commission (the “Commission”) published its comprehensive general report on Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, commonly referred to as the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of…
Pakistan Telecom Sector: Competition Commission of Pakistan’s Guidelines to Prevent Deceptive Marketing Practices As part of its ongoing efforts to shield consumers from anti-competitive behaviours and foster voluntary compliance with…
When it comes to energy laws in Pakistan, the landscape is intricate and multifaceted. At Josh and Mak International, we offer specialized legal advice on a wide range of legal…
Tax Alert Update: Enhancements to the CREST System by FBR Since 2013, the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) has continued to enhance and refine the “Computerized Risk-Based Evaluation of Sales…
Labour rights and regulations play a pivotal role in ensuring fair treatment, safety, and welfare of workers, as well as in fostering harmonious industrial relations. In Pakistan, these rights are…
At Josh and Mak International, we understand the importance of proper estate planning and the complexities that can arise in matters of succession and gifts (Hiba) under Pakistani law. Our…
Update 30th of May 2024: We have received a lot of queries from people in Pakistan and Abroad regarding registration of Private Trusts in Pakistan after the new regime of…
Josh and Mak International is dedicated to providing specialized legal advice and services in the field of Intellectual Property Law in Pakistan. Our experienced team of intellectual property lawyers understands…