A Comprehensive Guide to the Law(s) of Pakistan

Welcome to Josh and Mak International’s Guide to Pakistani Laws. This article aims to provide a general overview of the legal landscape in Pakistan for our valued readers and clients. Please note that the information presented here is for informational purposes only and should not be considered as legal advice. If you have a specific legal query or require personalized assistance, we encourage you to contact us directly at aemen@joshandmak.com.

Pakistan has a diverse and dynamic legal system influenced by various sources, including constitutional provisions, statutes, case law, and Islamic principles. Navigating the legal framework can be complex, and it is crucial to seek professional guidance when dealing with legal matters.

At Josh and Mak International, we have a team of experienced legal professionals who specialize in different areas of law, including corporate law, energy law, mining law, property law, and more. Our expertise allows us to provide comprehensive legal advice tailored to the specific needs of our clients.

Whether you are a local or international individual, business, or organization, understanding the legal requirements and obligations in Pakistan is essential for compliance and successful operations. Our firm is dedicated to assisting clients in comprehending the intricacies of Pakistani laws and regulations, ensuring that they can make informed decisions and mitigate legal risks.

While this guide provides a general overview of the legal landscape in Pakistan, it is important to note that laws and regulations are subject to change. Therefore, it is crucial to consult with a qualified legal professional to obtain the most up-to-date and accurate information pertaining to your specific circumstances.

At Josh and Mak International, we are committed to providing reliable and insightful legal services. Our team is well-versed in the nuances of Pakistani laws and stays updated with the latest developments to offer the best possible guidance to our clients.

If you have any specific legal queries or require personalized assistance, we encourage you to reach out to us at aemen@joshandmak.com. Our dedicated team will be delighted to address your concerns and provide you with the professional support you need.

Please remember that the information provided in this article is not a substitute for professional legal advice. It is always advisable to consult with a qualified legal professional for advice tailored to your specific situation.

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Introduction

The laws of Pakistan are based on the Constitution of Pakistan which serves as the supreme law of the land. Pakistan has a common law legal system which is a mix of Islamic, British, and local laws. The laws of Pakistan are divided into two main categories: civil law and criminal law.

Civil laws in Pakistan include family, property, contract, and tort law, while criminal laws cover offences such as homicide, theft, and fraud. Pakistan also has specialized laws related to labor, taxation, trade, and intellectual property.

The legal system in Pakistan is administered by the higher judiciary, which includes the Supreme Court, the High Courts, and the subordinate judiciary. The country also has a Federal Shariat Court that deals with cases related to Islamic law.

As the laws of Pakistan are constantly evolving, the Josh and Mak International Team will be updating this page constantly to reflect the new laws.

Civil Law in Pakistan

Pakistani Civil Law is a body of law that governs private relations between individuals, such as marriage, divorce, property, and inheritance. It is based on the principles of Islamic law, as well as English common law and local customs and traditions. The Civil Law system in Pakistan is governed by several laws, including the Contract Act, the Transfer of Property Act, the Specific Relief Act, the Registration Act, and the Limitation Act. These laws are designed to provide a fair and transparent legal system for resolving disputes between individuals. An example of one of the main features of Pakistani Civil Law as it applies to Pakistani Family Law is the emphasis on the concept of “Haq Meher,” which is a mandatory payment made by the husband to the wife at the time of marriage. This payment is considered the wife’s right and serves as a form of financial security for her. In addition to the above, Pakistani Civil Law also covers issues related to property ownership, inheritance, and contractual disputes. The law provides for the registration of property transactions to ensure transparency and prevent fraud. Overall, Pakistani Civil Law plays a crucial role in regulating private relations between individuals and ensuring that their legal rights and obligations are protected.

The Civil laws and Procedural codes of Pakistan are as follows :

1. The Civil Procedure Code, 1908

2. The Contract Act, 1872

3. The Transfer of Property Act, 1882

4. The Specific Relief Act, 1877

5. The Partnership Act, 1932

6. The Sale of Goods Act, 1930

7. The Limitation Act, 1908

8. The Registration Act, 1908

9. The Arbitration Act, 1940

10. The Family Courts Act, 1964

11. The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890

12. The Succession Act, 1925

13. The Trusts Act, 1882

14. The Land Acquisition Act, 1894

15. The Insolvency Act, 1920

16. The Companies Act, 2017

17. The Intellectual Property Laws including Trademarks, Patents, Copyrights and Industrial Designs.

The Civil Procedure Code, 1908 lays down the procedure for the conduct of civil suits in Pakistan. It covers matters such as jurisdiction, pleadings, discovery and inspection of documents, evidence, interim orders, judgments, appeals and execution of decrees.

Criminal Law in Pakistan

Criminal law in Pakistan is the body of law that defines criminal offences and prescribes punishments for those offences. The criminal justice system in Pakistan is governed by the Pakistan Penal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code, and other relevant statutes.

The Pakistan Penal Code, 1860, is the primary law governing criminal offences in Pakistan. It defines a wide range of offences, including murder, theft, robbery, rape, assault, and kidnapping. The Code also specifies the maximum punishment for each offence.

The Criminal Procedure Code, 1898, sets out the procedures for the investigation, trial, and punishment of criminal offences. It provides for the arrest and detention of suspects, the collection of evidence, the framing of charges, the conduct of trials, and the imposition of sentences.

The criminal justice system in Pakistan is administered by the police, the judiciary, and the prison system. The police are responsible for investigating criminal offences and arresting suspects. The judiciary is responsible for hearing and deciding criminal cases, and the prison system is responsible for the incarceration of convicted criminals.

In recent years, there have been concerns about the effectiveness and fairness of the criminal justice system in Pakistan. Critics have pointed to issues such as police brutality, corruption, and delays in the judicial process. In response, the government has taken steps to reform the system, such as introducing alternative dispute resolution mechanisms and increasing the use of technology in the courts.

There are several criminal laws and procedural codes in Pakistan, including:

1. Pakistan Penal Code, 1860

2. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

3. Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997

4. Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016

5. Anti-Narcotics Control Act, 1997

6. Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947

7. Explosives Act, 1884

8. Arms Act, 1878

9. Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947

10. Customs Act, 1969

11. Juvenile Justice System Ordinance, 2000

The Pakistan Penal Code, 1860, is the primary law governing criminal offences in Pakistan. It defines a wide range of offences, including murder, theft, robbery, rape, assault, and kidnapping. The Code also specifies the maximum punishment for each offence.

The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, sets out the procedures for the investigation, trial, and punishment of criminal offences. It provides for the arrest and detention of suspects, the collection of evidence, the framing of charges, the conduct of trials, and the imposition of sentences.

The Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997, provides for the prevention and suppression of terrorism and other violent acts. It defines various offences related to terrorism and provides for the establishment of special courts for the trial of such offences.

The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016, deals with offences committed through electronic means, such as cybercrime, electronic fraud, and electronic forgery.

The Anti-Narcotics Control Act, 1997, provides for the control of narcotics and psychotropic substances. It defines offences related to narcotics and provides for the establishment of special courts for the trial of such offences.

The Juvenile Justice System Ordinance, 2000, provides for the establishment of juvenile courts and special procedures for the trial of juvenile offenders.

These laws and procedural codes are enforced by the police, the judiciary, and other law enforcement agencies in Pakistan.

Family Law in Pakistan

Family law in Pakistan is a set of laws that governs the personal status of individuals and their families. The family laws in Pakistan are based on Islamic law, as well as other relevant statutes and regulations.

The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961, is the primary law governing the personal status of Muslims in Pakistan. It covers matters such as marriage, divorce, dower, maintenance, and inheritance. The ordinance provides for the registration of marriages and lays down the procedures for obtaining a divorce. It also provides for the appointment of guardians for minors and the custody of children.

The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939, provides for the grounds for the dissolution of Muslim marriages and the procedures for obtaining a divorce. The Act specifies the grounds on which a woman can seek divorce, including cruelty, desertion, and failure to provide maintenance.

The West Pakistan Family Courts Act, 1964, provides for the establishment of family courts and the procedures for the settlement of family disputes. The family courts have jurisdiction over matters such as divorce, maintenance, custody of children, and inheritance.

The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929, prohibits the marriage of children under the age of 16 for girls and 18 for boys. The Act provides for the punishment of those who contract or solemnize child marriages.

The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937, provides for the application of Islamic law in certain areas of personal law. The Act applies to matters such as marriage, divorce, dower, maintenance, and inheritance.

The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, provides for the appointment of guardians for minors and the custody of children. The Act lays down the procedures for the appointment of guardians and the custody of children.

The Succession Act, 1925, provides for the distribution of property after the death of an individual. The Act covers matters such as the inheritance of property by legal heirs and the distribution of property among heirs.

The family laws in Pakistan are enforced by the judiciary and other relevant authorities. The family courts have been established to provide a specialized forum for the settlement of family disputes. In recent years, there have been efforts to reform the family laws in Pakistan to make them more gender-sensitive and to promote the rights of women and children.

There are several family laws in Pakistan, including:

1. Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961

2. Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939

3. West Pakistan Family Courts Act, 1964

4. Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929

5. Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937

6. Guardians and Wards Act, 1890

7. Succession Act, 1925

8. Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

9. Christian Marriage Act, 1872

10. Christian Divorce Act, 1869

The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961, governs the personal status of Muslims in Pakistan. It covers matters such as marriage, divorce, dower, maintenance, and inheritance.

The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939, provides for the grounds for the dissolution of Muslim marriages and the procedures for obtaining a divorce.

The West Pakistan Family Courts Act, 1964, provides for the establishment of family courts and the procedures for the settlement of family disputes.

The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929, prohibits the marriage of children under the age of 16 for girls and 18 for boys.

The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937, provides for the application of Islamic law in certain areas of personal law.

The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, provides for the appointment of guardians for minors and the custody of children.

The Succession Act, 1925, provides for the distribution of property after the death of an individual.

The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, governs the personal status of Hindus in Pakistan. It covers matters such as marriage, divorce, dower, maintenance, and inheritance.

The Christian Marriage Act, 1872, and the Christian Divorce Act, 1869, govern the personal status of Christians in Pakistan. They cover matters such as marriage, divorce, and maintenance.

These family laws are enforced by the judiciary and other relevant authorities in Pakistan.

Property Law in Pakistan

Property law in Pakistan is a set of laws that governs the ownership, transfer, and use of property. The property laws in Pakistan are based on common law principles and Islamic law, as well as other relevant statutes and regulations.

The Transfer of Property Act, 1882, is the primary law governing the transfer of property in Pakistan. It lays down the procedures for the transfer of property and specifies the rights and obligations of the transferor and transferee. The Act also provides for the registration of property and the creation of various types of interests in property, such as mortgages, leases, and easements.

The Land Acquisition Act, 1894, provides for the acquisition of land by the government for public purposes. The Act lays down the procedures for the acquisition of land and specifies the compensation to be paid to the landowners.

The Registration Act, 1908, provides for the registration of documents relating to the transfer of property. The Act lays down the procedures for the registration of documents and provides for the maintenance of public registers of property transactions.

The Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1967, governs the assessment and collection of land revenue in Punjab province. The Act lays down the procedures for the assessment of land revenue and provides for the maintenance of land records.

The Sindh Land Revenue Act, 1967, governs the assessment and collection of land revenue in Sindh province. The Act lays down the procedures for the assessment of land revenue and provides for the maintenance of land records.

The Balochistan Land Revenue Act, 1967, governs the assessment and collection of land revenue in Balochistan province. The Act lays down the procedures for the assessment of land revenue and provides for the maintenance of land records.

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Land Revenue Act, 1967, governs the assessment and collection of land revenue in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The Act lays down the procedures for the assessment of land revenue and provides for the maintenance of land records.

The property laws in Pakistan are enforced by the judiciary and other relevant authorities. The land revenue departments in each province are responsible for the assessment and collection of land revenue. In recent years, there have been efforts to reform the property laws in Pakistan to promote the rights of landowners and to facilitate the transfer of property.

There are several property and conveyancing laws in Pakistan, including:

1. Transfer of Property Act, 1882

2. Registration Act, 1908

3. Land Acquisition Act, 1894

4. Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1967

5. Sindh Land Revenue Act, 1967

6. Balochistan Land Revenue Act, 1967

7. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Land Revenue Act, 1967

8. Stamp Act, 1899

9. Specific Relief Act, 1877

10. Limitation Act, 1908

11. Trusts Act, 1882

The Stamp Act, 1899, provides for the payment of stamp duty on certain types of documents, including property-related documents.

The Specific Relief Act, 1877, provides for the grant of specific relief in certain types of cases, including cases relating to the transfer of property.

The Limitation Act, 1908, lays down the time limits for filing suits and other legal proceedings, including suits relating to property.

The Trusts Act, 1882, provides for the creation and management of trusts, including trusts related to property.

These property and conveyancing laws are enforced by the judiciary and other relevant authorities in Pakistan.

Contract Law in Pakistan

Contract law in Pakistan is governed by the Contract Act, 1872. This act defines a contract as an agreement enforceable by law. It is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties, in which they agree to perform or refrain from performing certain acts.

According to the Contract Act, for a contract to be valid, it must meet certain requirements. Firstly, it must be made by free consent of the parties. This means that the parties must enter into the contract voluntarily and without any coercion, undue influence, fraud, or misrepresentation. Secondly, the parties must have the capacity to contract. This means that they must be of legal age, of sound mind, and not disqualified by law from entering into a contract. Thirdly, the object of the contract must be lawful. This means that the agreement must not involve anything that is illegal, immoral, or opposed to public policy. Lastly, the agreement must be made for a lawful consideration. This means that the parties must exchange something of value, such as money, goods, or services.

In case of a breach of contract, the aggrieved party can bring a lawsuit to enforce the terms of the contract or seek damages for the losses suffered. The court may order specific performance of the contract, which means that the parties must fulfill their obligations under the contract. It may also award damages, which are monetary compensation for the losses suffered by the aggrieved party.

Contract law in Pakistan is a crucial aspect of business and commerce. It provides a legal framework for the formation and enforcement of contracts, which are essential for the smooth functioning of the economy. It is important for individuals and businesses to understand the legal requirements for a valid contract and to seek legal advice before entering into any agreement.

The law of contract in Pakistan is governed by the Contract Act, 1872. This act lays down the legal framework for the formation, performance, and enforcement of contracts in Pakistan. In addition to the Contract Act, there are various other statutes and procedures that relate to the law of contract in Pakistan. These include:

1. Sale of Goods Act, 1930 – This act governs the sale and purchase of goods in Pakistan and provides rules for the formation and performance of contracts for the sale of goods.

2. Specific Relief Act, 1877 – This act provides for the specific performance of contracts and other relief in case of breach of contract.

3. Arbitration Act, 1940 – This act provides for the settlement of disputes arising out of contracts through arbitration.

4. Limitation Act, 1908 – This act provides for the limitation period within which a suit for breach of contract must be filed.

5. Civil Procedure Code, 1908 – This code lays down the procedure for filing a suit for breach of contract and the process of trial.

6. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) – ADR is a procedure for resolving disputes arising out of contracts outside of the court system. ADR methods include mediation, conciliation, and negotiation.

In addition to these statutes and procedures, there are also various legal precedents set by the courts in Pakistan that relate to the law of contract. These precedents help to interpret and apply the legal framework provided by the statutes and procedures in specific cases.

Labour and Employment Law in Pakistan

Labour and employment law in Pakistan is primarily governed by the Industrial Relations Act, 2012 and the Employment of Children Act, 1991. These laws provide the legal framework for the rights and obligations of employers and employees in the country.

Under the Industrial Relations Act, 2012, workers in Pakistan have the right to form and join trade unions, engage in collective bargaining, and go on strike. Employers are required to provide safe and healthy working conditions, adequate wages, and social security benefits to their employees. The act also provides for a system of dispute resolution between employers and employees.

The Employment of Children Act, 1991 prohibits the employment of children under the age of 14 years in any industry or occupation. It also prohibits the employment of children between the ages of 14 and 18 years in hazardous occupations. The act provides for penalties for employers who violate these provisions.

In addition to these laws, there are various other statutes and regulations that relate to labour and employment in Pakistan. These include the Factories Act, 1934, which provides for the regulation of working conditions in factories, and the Shops and Establishments Ordinance, 1969, which provides for the regulation of working conditions in shops and commercial establishments.

The government of Pakistan has also established various institutions to implement and enforce labour and employment laws in the country. These include the National Industrial Relations Commission, which is responsible for settling industrial disputes, and the Labour Courts, which are responsible for adjudicating disputes related to labour and employment.

In conclusion, labour and employment law in Pakistan provides a legal framework for protecting the rights and interests of workers in the country. It is important for employers and employees to be aware of their rights and obligations under these laws and to seek legal advice in case of any disputes or violations.

The following are the main employment and labour laws in Pakistan:

1. Industrial Relations Act, 2012

2. Employment of Children Act, 1991

3. Factories Act, 1934

4. Shops and Establishments Ordinance, 1969

5. West Pakistan Shops and Establishment Ordinance, 1969

6. Minimum Wages Ordinance, 1961

7. Payment of Wages Act, 1936

8. Workers’ Compensation Act, 1923

9. West Pakistan Industrial and Commercial Employment (Standing Orders) Ordinance, 1968

10. Provincial Employees’ Social Security Ordinance, 1965

11. West Pakistan Maternity Benefit Ordinance, 1958

12. Provincial Employees’ Social Security Ordinance, 1965

13. Sindh Employees’ Social Security Ordinance, 2013

14. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Workers’ Welfare Fund Ordinance, 2019

15. Punjab Workers Welfare Fund Ordinance, 1971

16. Balochistan Workers Welfare Fund Ordinance, 1972

17. Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1992

18. Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946

19. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965

20. Trade Unions Act, 1926

21. Workers Children (Education) Ordinance, 1972

These laws cover a wide range of issues related to employment and labour in Pakistan, including minimum wages, working conditions, social security, maternity benefits, workers’ compensation, and the rights of workers to form unions and engage in collective bargaining. It is important for employers and employees to be aware of their rights and obligations under these laws and to seek legal advice in case of any disputes or violations.

Company Law in Pakistan

Company law in Pakistan is governed by the Companies Act, 2017, which replaced the Companies Ordinance, 1984. This act provides the legal framework for the formation, management, and operation of companies in Pakistan.

Under the Companies Act, 2017, a company can be formed by two or more persons for any lawful purpose. The act provides for the formation of several types of companies, including private companies, public companies, single-member companies, and non-profit companies.

The act also provides for the registration of companies with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP). Companies are required to submit various documents, including their articles of association, memorandum of association, and financial statements, to the SECP for registration.

Once registered, companies are required to follow various legal requirements, including holding annual general meetings, maintaining proper books of accounts, and filing annual returns with the SECP. The act also provides for the protection of shareholders’ rights, including the right to vote, the right to receive dividends, and the right to inspect company records.

In addition to the Companies Act, 2017, there are various other laws and regulations that govern the operation of companies in Pakistan. These include the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Act, 1997, which provides for the regulation of securities and exchange activities, and the Competition Act, 2010, which provides for the regulation of competition in the market.

The government of Pakistan has also established various institutions to enforce company law in the country. These include the SECP, which is responsible for the registration and regulation of companies, and the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) Tribunals, which are responsible for adjudicating disputes related to company law.

In conclusion, company law in Pakistan provides a legal framework for the formation, management, and operation of companies in the country. It is important for companies to comply with the legal requirements set out in the Companies Act, 2017, and other relevant laws and regulations, to avoid any legal disputes or penalties.

The following are the main company and corporate laws of Pakistan:

1. Companies Act, 2017

2. Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Act, 1997

3. Competition Act, 2010

4. Takeover Ordinance, 2002

5. Securities Act, 2015

6. Modaraba Companies and Modaraba (Floatation and Control) Ordinance, 1980

7. Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969

8. Securities and Exchange Rules, 1971

9. Companies (Appointment of Legal Advisors) Act, 1974

10. Voluntary Pension System Rules, 2005

11. Credit Rating Companies Rules, 1995

12. Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2017

13. Listed Companies (Substantial Acquisition of Voting Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2017

14. Corporate Restructuring Companies Rules, 2001

15. Companies (Issue of Capital) Rules, 1996

16. Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Regulations, 2017

17. Companies (Appointment and Remuneration of Chief Executive) Regulations, 2017

18. Companies (Incorporation) Regulations, 2017

19. Companies (Management and Administration) Regulations, 2017

20. Companies (Meetings of Board and its Powers) Regulations, 2017

These laws and regulations cover a wide range of issues related to company and corporate law in Pakistan, including the formation, management, and operation of companies, the regulation of securities and exchange activities, the protection of shareholders’ rights, and the regulation of competition in the market. It is important for companies to comply with these laws and regulations to avoid any legal disputes or penalties.

Taxation Law in Pakistan

Taxation law in Pakistan is governed by the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, which provides the legal framework for the collection and administration of income tax in the country. The Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) is responsible for the implementation and enforcement of the tax laws in Pakistan.

Under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, individuals and businesses in Pakistan are required to pay income tax on their earnings. The income tax rates vary depending on the income level and the type of taxpayer. The tax rates for individuals range from 0% to 35%, while the tax rates for businesses range from 25% to 35%.

In addition to income tax, there are also other types of taxes in Pakistan, including sales tax, federal excise duty, and customs duty. These taxes are regulated by different laws and regulations.

The sales tax in Pakistan is regulated by the Sales Tax Act, 1990, which provides for the collection of tax on the supply of goods and services. The federal excise duty is regulated by the Federal Excise Act, 2005, which provides for the imposition of duty on certain goods and services. Customs duty is regulated by the Customs Act, 1969, which provides for the collection of tax on imported goods.

The government of Pakistan has also established various institutions to enforce taxation laws in the country. These include the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR), which is responsible for the collection of taxes, and the Tax Appellate Tribunals, which are responsible for adjudicating disputes related to taxation.

In conclusion, taxation law in Pakistan provides a legal framework for the collection and administration of taxes in the country. It is important for individuals and businesses to comply with the tax laws and regulations to avoid any legal disputes or penalties. It is also important for taxpayers to seek legal advice and assistance in case of any disputes or issues related to taxation.

The following are the main taxation laws and regulations in Pakistan:

1. Income Tax Ordinance, 2001

2. Sales Tax Act, 1990

3. Federal Excise Act, 2005

4. Customs Act, 1969

5. Income Tax Rules, 2002

6. Sales Tax Rules, 2006

7. Federal Excise Rules, 2005

8. Customs Rules, 2001

9. Income Tax (First Schedule) Rules, 2002

10. Income Tax (Second Schedule) Rules, 2002

11. Income Tax (Third Schedule) Rules, 2002

12. Income Tax (Fourth Schedule) Rules, 2002

13. Income Tax (Fifth Schedule) Rules, 2002

14. Income Tax (Sixth Schedule) Rules, 2002

15. Income Tax (Seventh Schedule) Rules, 2002

16. Income Tax (Eighth Schedule) Rules, 2002

These laws and regulations cover a wide range of issues related to taxation in Pakistan, including the collection and administration of income tax, sales tax, federal excise duty, and customs duty. It is important for individuals and businesses to comply with these laws and regulations to avoid any legal disputes or penalties. It is also important for taxpayers to seek legal advice and assistance in case of any disputes or issues related to taxation.

Intellectual Property Law in Pakistan

Intellectual property (IP) law in Pakistan is governed by various laws and regulations, including the Patents Ordinance, 2000, the Copyright Ordinance, 1962, the Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001, and the Design Act, 2000. These laws provide the legal framework for the protection and enforcement of IP rights in Pakistan.

Under the Patents Ordinance, 2000, inventors in Pakistan can apply for patents for their inventions. A patent gives the inventor the exclusive right to make, use, and sell the invention for a certain period of time. The patent application process in Pakistan involves submitting a patent application to the Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan (IPO) and undergoing a rigorous examination process.

The Copyright Ordinance, 1962, provides for the protection of literary, artistic, and musical works in Pakistan. Copyright protection is automatic and does not require registration. The owner of a copyright has the exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, and perform the work, and to create derivative works based on the original work.

The Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001, provides for the registration and protection of trade marks in Pakistan. A trade mark is a symbol, logo, or name that is used to identify and distinguish the goods or services of one company from those of another. The registration process involves submitting a trade mark application to the IPO and undergoing an examination process.

The Design Act, 2000, provides for the registration and protection of industrial designs in Pakistan. An industrial design is the visual appearance of a product or its ornamentation. The registration process involves submitting a design application to the IPO and undergoing an examination process.

In addition to these laws, there are also various legal precedents set by the courts in Pakistan that relate to IP law. These precedents help to interpret and apply the legal framework provided by the statutes and regulations in specific cases.

IP law in Pakistan provides a legal framework for the protection and enforcement of IP rights in the country. It is important for individuals and businesses to understand their rights and obligations under these laws and to seek legal advice in case of any disputes or violations. Pakistan has various laws and regulations that govern intellectual property, patent, and copyright. Some of the major laws are:

1. The Patents Ordinance, 2000 – This law governs patent protection in Pakistan. It provides protection for inventions that are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application.

2. The Copyright Ordinance, 1962 – This law governs the protection of literary, artistic, and musical works in Pakistan.

3. The Trademarks Ordinance, 2001 – This law governs the registration and protection of trademarks in Pakistan.

4. The Geographical Indications (Registration and Protection) Act, 2020 – This law provides for the registration and protection of geographical indications in Pakistan.

5. The Industrial Designs Ordinance, 2000 – This law provides for the registration and protection of industrial designs in Pakistan.

6. The Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits Ordinance, 2000 – This law provides for the registration and protection of layout designs of integrated circuits in Pakistan.

These laws are enforced by the Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan (IPO-Pakistan) which is responsible for the registration and administration of intellectual property rights in Pakistan.

Banking and Finance Law

Banking and Finance Law is an important area of law in Pakistan that governs the activities of banks, financial institutions, and other entities engaged in the business of finance. The regulatory framework for banking and finance in Pakistan is primarily governed by the State Bank of Pakistan Act, 1956, the Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962, and the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Act, 1997.

The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) is the central bank of Pakistan and is responsible for regulating and supervising the banking system in Pakistan. The SBP has the power to issue directives, guidelines, and regulations for the banking sector in Pakistan. It also has the authority to issue and revoke banking licenses, and to supervise and monitor the activities of banks and other financial institutions.

The Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962 provides the legal framework for the establishment, operation, and regulation of banking companies in Pakistan. The Ordinance sets out the requirements for obtaining a banking license, the minimum capital requirements for banks, and the rules for the management and control of banks.

The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) is the regulatory body responsible for regulating and supervising the securities market in Pakistan. The SECP regulates the issuance and trading of securities, and also has the power to license and regulate stock exchanges, brokers, dealers, and investment companies.

Pakistan also has specific laws governing Islamic banking and finance. The Islamic Banking and Finance Ordinance, 2002 provides the legal framework for the establishment, operation, and regulation of Islamic banks and financial institutions in Pakistan. The Ordinance sets out the principles of Islamic banking, including the prohibition of interest (riba) and the requirement for transactions to be based on profit and risk-sharing.

In addition to the above laws, there are several other laws and regulations that govern various aspects of banking and finance in Pakistan, including foreign exchange regulations, anti-money laundering laws, and consumer protection regulations.

Overall, the regulatory framework for banking and finance in Pakistan is well-established and robust. The State Bank of Pakistan, the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan, and other regulatory bodies in the country work together to ensure the stability and growth of the banking and finance sector in Pakistan.

Below is a list of some of the major Banking and Finance Laws in Pakistan:

1. State Bank of Pakistan Act, 1956 – This law establishes the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) as the central bank of Pakistan and outlines its functions, powers, and responsibilities.

2. Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962 – This law governs the establishment, operation, and regulation of banking companies in Pakistan.

3. Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Act, 1997 – This law establishes the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) as the regulatory body for the securities market in Pakistan.

4. Islamic Banking and Finance Ordinance, 2002 – This law provides the legal framework for the establishment, operation, and regulation of Islamic banks and financial institutions in Pakistan.

5. Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 – This law regulates foreign exchange transactions in Pakistan.

6. Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2010 – This law provides for the prevention of money laundering and the financing of terrorism in Pakistan.

7. Credit Information Bureau Act, 2015 – This law establishes a credit information bureau in Pakistan to maintain credit records of borrowers and lenders.

8. Microfinance Institutions Ordinance, 2001 – This law governs the establishment, operation, and regulation of microfinance institutions in Pakistan.

9. Payment Systems and Electronic Fund Transfer Act, 2007 – This law provides for the regulation of payment systems and electronic fund transfers in Pakistan.

10. Financial Institutions (Recovery of Finances) Ordinance, 2001 – This law provides for the recovery of debts by financial institutions in Pakistan.

These are some of the major Banking and Finance Laws in Pakistan. There are other laws and regulations that govern various aspects of banking and finance in Pakistan, including consumer protection regulations, tax laws, and corporate laws. It is recommended to consult a licensed attorney for specific legal advice.

Environmental Law in Pakistan

Environmental Law in Pakistan is an important area of law that regulates the protection and conservation of the environment in the country. The Constitution of Pakistan, 1973, provides the legal framework for environmental protection in the country. It recognizes the fundamental right of every citizen to a clean and healthy environment and imposes a duty on the state to protect and preserve the environment.

There are several laws and regulations in Pakistan that govern environmental protection. Some of the major laws are:

1. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 – This law provides for the protection, conservation, and improvement of the environment in Pakistan. It establishes the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and outlines its powers and functions.

2. National Conservation Strategy, 1992 – This strategy provides guidelines for the sustainable use of natural resources in Pakistan.

3. Pakistan Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2000 – These guidelines provide a framework for the assessment of environmental impacts of development projects in Pakistan.

4. Pakistan Environmental Quality Standards, 2001 – These standards provide guidelines for the quality of air, water, and soil in Pakistan.

5. Forest Ordinance, 2002 – This law regulates the management and protection of forests in Pakistan.

6. Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Act, 1975 – This law regulates the protection and conservation of wildlife in Pakistan.

7. Pakistan Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995 – This law establishes the Pakistan Environmental Tribunal and outlines its powers and functions.

These laws and regulations are enforced by various government agencies, including the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, the Forest Department, and the Wildlife Department. The judiciary also plays an important role in the enforcement of environmental laws in Pakistan.

Despite the existence of environmental laws and regulations in Pakistan, there are still challenges in the effective implementation and enforcement of these laws. These challenges include limited resources, inadequate institutional capacity, and weak enforcement mechanisms. However, the government of Pakistan has taken steps to address these challenges, including the establishment of specialized environmental courts and the development of capacity-building programs for government officials and civil society organizations.

Overall, Environmental Law in Pakistan is an evolving area of law that is critical for the protection and conservation of the environment and natural resources in the country.

Here is a list of some of the major Environmental Laws in Pakistan:

2. National Conservation Strategy, 1992 – This strategy provides guidelines for the sustainable use of natural resources in Pakistan.

3. Pakistan Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2000 – These guidelines provide a framework for the assessment of environmental impacts of development projects in Pakistan.

4. Pakistan Environmental Quality Standards, 2001 – These standards provide guidelines for the quality of air, water, and soil in Pakistan.

5. Forest Ordinance, 2002 – This law regulates the management and protection of forests in Pakistan.

6. Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Act, 1975 – This law regulates the protection and conservation of wildlife in Pakistan.

7. Pakistan Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995 – This law establishes the Pakistan Environmental Tribunal and outlines its powers and functions.

8. Pakistan Environmental Protection (Presidential) Ordinance, 1984 – This ordinance provides for the establishment of the Environmental Protection Council, which is responsible for formulating policies and strategies for environmental protection in Pakistan.

9. Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) Act, 1958 – This law regulates the management and use of water resources in Pakistan.

10. Marine Pollution Control Ordinance, 1983 – This law regulates the prevention and control of marine pollution in Pakistan.

11. Pakistan Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2005 – These regulations provide a framework for the assessment of environmental impacts of development projects in Pakistan.

12. Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority Ordinance, 2001 – This ordinance provides for the establishment of the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority, which is responsible for regulating nuclear energy and radiation protection in Pakistan.

These are some of the major Environmental Laws in Pakistan. There are other laws and regulations that govern various aspects of environmental protection in Pakistan, including the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Ordinance, 1983, the Noise Pollution (Control and Regulation) Rules, 2000, and the Hazardous Substances Rules, 2003. It is recommended to consult a licensed attorney for specific legal advice.

Human Rights Law in Pakistan

Human rights and civil rights are fundamental to the protection of individual liberties and freedoms. In Pakistan, these rights are enshrined in the Constitution of Pakistan and are protected by various laws and regulations.

Human rights refer to the basic rights and freedoms that are inherent to all human beings, regardless of their nationality, race, gender, or any other status. These rights include the right to life, liberty, and security of person; freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; freedom of expression; and the right to work and education, among others.

Civil rights, on the other hand, are the rights that are granted to citizens by the state. Civil rights include the right to vote, the right to a fair trial, and the right to equality before the law.

In Pakistan, the protection of human and civil rights is governed by various laws and regulations. The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees the protection of these rights and provides for their enforcement through the courts. Additionally, there are several federal and provincial laws that protect specific rights, such as the Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act, the Child Protection and Welfare Act, and the Disabled Persons (Employment and Rehabilitation) Ordinance.

The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) is an independent organization that monitors and reports on human rights violations in the country. The National Commission for Human Rights (NCHR) is a statutory body that investigates complaints of human rights violations and makes recommendations to the government for action.

Despite the legal protections for human and civil rights in Pakistan, there have been reports of violations, including extrajudicial killings, torture, and discrimination against minorities and women. The government and civil society organizations continue to work towards improving the protection of these rights and ensuring their enforcement.

Here is a list of some of the human rights and civil rights laws of Pakistan:

1. The Constitution of Pakistan, 1973

2. The Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act, 2006

3. The Child Protection and Welfare Act, 2010

4. The Disabled Persons (Employment and Rehabilitation) Ordinance, 1981

5. The National Commission for Human Rights Act, 2012

6. The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016

7. The Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act, 2012

8. The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1992

9. The Prohibition of Employment of Children Act, 1991

10. The Protection Against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act, 2010

These laws protect a range of human and civil rights, including the right to life, liberty, and security of person; freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; freedom of expression; the right to work and education; the right to vote; the right to a fair trial; and the right to equality before the law, among others.

Constitutional Law in Pakistan

Constitutional law is the body of law that governs the structure and powers of the government, as well as the rights and freedoms of citizens. In Pakistan, the Constitution of 1973 is the supreme law of the land and provides the framework for the operation of the government and the protection of fundamental rights.

The Constitution of Pakistan establishes a federal parliamentary system of government, with a president as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of government. The Constitution outlines the powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, and provides for a system of checks and balances to ensure that no single branch of government becomes too powerful.

The fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution of Pakistan include the right to life, liberty, and security of person; freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; freedom of expression; the right to work and education; and the right to a fair trial, among others. The Constitution also provides for the establishment of independent institutions to protect and enforce these rights, such as the National Commission for Human Rights and the Election Commission of Pakistan.

The Constitution of Pakistan has undergone several amendments since its adoption in 1973, with the most significant being the 18th Amendment in 2010, which devolved more powers to the provinces and strengthened the role of the parliament. The Constitution also includes provisions for the adoption of Islamic laws and principles, reflecting the country’s status as an Islamic republic.

The interpretation and application of constitutional law in Pakistan is primarily the responsibility of the judiciary, with the Supreme Court serving as the final arbiter of constitutional disputes. The judiciary has played a significant role in shaping the evolution of constitutional law in Pakistan, with several landmark decisions impacting the balance of power between the different branches of government and the protection of fundamental rights.

In conclusion, constitutional law is a vital component of the legal system in Pakistan, providing the framework for the operation of the government and the protection of fundamental rights. The Constitution of Pakistan establishes a federal parliamentary system of government, guarantees fundamental rights, and provides for the establishment of independent institutions to protect these rights. The interpretation and application of constitutional law in Pakistan is primarily the responsibility of the judiciary, with the Supreme Court serving as the final arbiter of constitutional disputes.

Here is a list of the main Fundamental Constitutional Rights of citizens of Pakistan given in the Constitution of Pakistan:

Right to life, liberty, and security of person
Right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion
Right to freedom of speech, expression, and the press
Right to peaceful assembly and association
Right to freedom of movement
Right to property
Right to equality before the law and equal protection of the law
Right to due process of law
Right to a fair trial and access to justice
Right to privacy and dignity
Right to education and employment
Right to access to information
Right to a clean and healthy environment
Right to participate in the political process and vote in elections
Right to form and join political parties and trade unions

The main constitutional laws of Pakistan are:

1. Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 – This is the supreme law of the land and provides the framework for the operation of the government and the protection of fundamental rights.

2. Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, 2010 – This amendment devolved more powers to the provinces and strengthened the role of the parliament.

3. Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, 2010 – This amendment provides for the appointment of judges to superior courts through a parliamentary committee.

4. Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, 2012 – This amendment provides for the appointment of a caretaker government during the transition period between general elections.

5. Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, 2015 – This amendment provides for the establishment of military courts to try individuals accused of terrorism.

6. National Commission for Human Rights Act, 2012 – This act establishes the National Commission for Human Rights, an independent institution responsible for promoting and protecting human rights in Pakistan.

7. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 – This act provides for the protection and conservation of the environment in Pakistan.

8. Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 – This code provides for the criminal law of Pakistan, including offenses such as murder, theft, and fraud.

9. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 – This code provides the procedure for the investigation and prosecution of criminal offenses in Pakistan.

10. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 – This code provides the procedure for the resolution of civil disputes in Pakistan.

These laws play a crucial role in governing the operation of the government, protecting fundamental rights, and ensuring the rule of law in Pakistan.

These fundamental Constitutional Rights are guaranteed to all citizens of Pakistan and are protected by the Constitution and the judiciary. Additionally, the Constitution of Pakistan also provides for the establishment of independent institutions to protect and enforce these rights, such as the National Commission for Human Rights.

Administrative Law in Pakistan

The administrative law of Pakistan is the body of law that governs the activities of the government and its agencies. It sets out the legal framework within which the government operates and regulates the exercise of its powers. The administrative law of Pakistan is composed of a combination of constitutional provisions, statutory laws, and judicial decisions.

The Constitution of Pakistan provides the basic framework for administrative law. It establishes the principles of separation of powers, judicial review, and due process of law. It also guarantees fundamental rights to citizens, including the right to petition for the redress of grievances.

In addition to the Constitution, there are several statutory laws that regulate the activities of the government and its agencies. These include laws governing public service, administrative tribunals, and ombudsmen. The Pakistan Administrative Service is responsible for ensuring that these laws are implemented and enforced.

The judiciary also plays an important role in the development of administrative law. The courts have the power to review administrative decisions and to declare them null and void if they are found to be ultra vires or unconstitutional. They also have the power to issue writs, such as habeas corpus and mandamus, to compel the government to act in accordance with the law.

Overall, the administrative law of Pakistan provides a comprehensive framework for the regulation of government activities. It ensures that the government operates within the bounds of the law and that citizens are protected from arbitrary exercise of power. It is an essential component of Pakistan’s legal system and plays a crucial role in ensuring the rule of law.

Here are some of the key administrative laws of Pakistan:

1. Constitution of Pakistan, 1973

2. Administrative Tribunals Ordinance, 1980

3. Pakistan Administrative Service (PAS) Rules, 2011

4. Government Servants (Efficiency and Discipline) Rules, 1973

5. Civil Servants Act, 1973

6. Punjab Civil Servants Act, 1974

7. Sindh Civil Servants Act, 1973

8. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Civil Servants Act, 1973

9. Balochistan Civil Servants Act, 1974

10. Punjab Public Service Commission Ordinance, 1978

11. Sindh Public Service Commission Ordinance, 1978

12. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Public Service Commission Ordinance, 1978

13. Balochistan Public Service Commission Ordinance, 1978

14. Ombudsman Act, 1983

15. Right to Information Act, 2013

16. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997

17. Cigarettes (Printing of Warning) Ordinance, 1979

18. Pakistan National Shipping Corporation (Appointment of Chairman and Members) Rules, 2002

19. Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Ordinance, 2002

20. Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act, 1996.

This is not an exhaustive list, but it covers some of the most important administrative laws of Pakistan.

International Law and its Application to Pakistan

International law is a crucial aspect of Pakistan’s legal system. The country is a member of the United Nations and has ratified numerous international treaties and conventions, which are incorporated into domestic law. Pakistan recognizes the supremacy of international law over national law in matters of conflict or inconsistency.

Pakistan is bound by various international legal instruments, including the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. These treaties have a significant impact on Pakistan’s legal framework, as they provide a framework for human rights protection, international trade, and the settlement of disputes between states.

Pakistan is also a party to the International Court of Justice, which is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. The court has jurisdiction over disputes between states, and Pakistan has accepted its compulsory jurisdiction in certain cases.

Pakistan’s legal system has incorporated customary international law, which refers to the general principles of law recognized by the international community. Customary international law is binding on Pakistan and is considered a source of law in the absence of any specific domestic legislation.

In conclusion, international law plays a vital role in Pakistan’s legal system. The country is committed to upholding its obligations under international law and recognizes its importance in promoting peace, stability, and cooperation among nations.

List all the International Laws or Legal Instruments Pakistan is bound by

Pakistan is bound by numerous international laws and legal instruments. Here is a list of some of the most significant ones:

United Nations Charter
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
Convention on Biological Diversity
Convention on International Civil Aviation
Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

Immigration and Emigration Law of Pakistan

Emigration Law of Pakistan

The emigration law of Pakistan is governed by the Pakistan Emigration Ordinance 1979 and the Pakistan Emigration Rules 1979. These laws regulate the emigration of Pakistani citizens to foreign countries.

According to the Pakistan Emigration Ordinance 1979, no person can emigrate from Pakistan unless they hold a valid Pakistani passport and obtain emigration clearance from the Protector of Emigrants (POE). The POE is a government official responsible for regulating the recruitment and deployment of Pakistani workers abroad.

The Pakistan Emigration Rules 1979 outline the procedures for obtaining an emigration clearance, including the submission of required documents and payment of fees. The rules also specify the obligations of employers and recruitment agencies in recruiting and deploying Pakistani workers abroad.

The rules also provide for the protection of emigrants’ rights and welfare, including the provision of pre-departure orientation and training, medical examination, and insurance coverage.

In addition to these laws, Pakistan also has various policies and regulations regarding emigration, including the eligibility criteria for emigration, the types of work permits available, and the procedures for repatriation of emigrants.

Here is a list of the emigration laws of Pakistan:

1. Pakistan Emigration Ordinance 1979: This ordinance regulates the emigration of Pakistani citizens to foreign countries.

2. Pakistan Emigration Rules 1979: These rules outline the procedures for obtaining emigration clearance, obligations of employers and recruitment agencies, and protection of emigrants’ rights and welfare.

3. Overseas Employment Promoters Regulations 2016: These regulations govern the recruitment and deployment of Pakistani workers abroad by employment agencies.

4. Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment: The Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment is a government agency responsible for regulating the emigration of Pakistani workers abroad.

5. Emigration Policy: The Emigration Policy of Pakistan outlines the government’s strategies and objectives for promoting safe and legal emigration of Pakistani citizens.

6. Pakistan Passport Act 1974: This act governs the issuance and renewal of Pakistani passports, a requirement for emigration.

7. Pakistan Citizenship Act 1951: This law governs the acquisition and deprivation of Pakistani citizenship, which affects eligibility for emigration.

8. Foreign Exchange Regulations Act 1947: This act regulates the purchase and sale of foreign currency for emigration-related transactions.

9. Emigrants’ Welfare Fund Ordinance 1979: This ordinance provides for the establishment of a welfare fund for the benefit of emigrants and their families.

10. Emigrants’ Facilitation Desk: The Emigrants’ Facilitation Desk is a government agency responsible for providing information and assistance to emigrants and their families.

Immigration Law of Pakistan

The immigration law of Pakistan is governed by the Pakistan Citizenship Act 1951 and the Foreigners Act 1946. These laws regulate the entry, stay, and departure of foreign nationals in Pakistan.

According to the Pakistan Citizenship Act 1951, a person can acquire Pakistani citizenship by birth, descent, registration, or naturalization. The act also specifies the conditions under which a person can be deprived of Pakistani citizenship.

The Foreigners Act 1946 provides for the regulation of the entry, stay, and departure of foreign nationals in Pakistan. It requires all foreign nationals to obtain a visa or permit before entering Pakistan, and provides for penalties for violation of immigration laws.

In addition to these laws, Pakistan also has various policies and regulations regarding immigration, including visa categories, entry requirements, and eligibility criteria for obtaining Pakistani citizenship.

Here is a list of immigration laws and policies of Pakistan:

1. Pakistan Citizenship Act 1951: This law governs the acquisition and deprivation of Pakistani citizenship.

2. Foreigners Act 1946: This law regulates the entry, stay, and departure of foreign nationals in Pakistan.

3. Pakistan Citizenship Rules 1973: These rules outline the procedure for registration, renunciation, and deprivation of Pakistani citizenship.

4. Pakistan Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2004: This amendment introduced changes to the Pakistan Citizenship Act 1951, including the eligibility criteria for acquiring Pakistani citizenship.

5. Pakistan Immigration Ordinance 1979: This ordinance provides for the control and regulation of immigration in Pakistan.

6. Pakistan Passport Act 1974: This act governs the issuance and renewal of Pakistani passports.

7. Pakistan Visa Manual: This manual provides guidelines for the issuance of different types of visas, including tourist, business, and student visas.

8. Pakistan Overseas Employment Promoters Regulations 2016: These regulations govern the recruitment and deployment of Pakistani workers abroad.

9. Pakistan Emigration Ordinance 1979: This ordinance regulates the emigration of Pakistani citizens to foreign countries.

10. Pakistan Emigration Rules 1979: These rules outline the procedures for obtaining emigration clearance and other related matters.

Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution Law in Pakistan

Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) are becoming increasingly popular in Pakistan as an alternative to traditional court proceedings. The legal framework for arbitration and ADR is provided by the Arbitration Act, 1940 and the Alternative Dispute Resolution Act, 2017.

Arbitration is a process in which parties agree to submit their disputes to a neutral third party for resolution. The decision of the arbitrator is binding on both parties. Arbitration can be conducted either ad-hoc or through an institution such as the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) or the Pakistan National Committee of the ICC.

ADR is a broader term that encompasses various informal and non-binding dispute resolution mechanisms such as negotiation, mediation, and conciliation. ADR is becoming increasingly popular in Pakistan as it allows parties to resolve disputes quickly and cost-effectively without the need for lengthy court proceedings.

The Alternative Dispute Resolution Act, 2017 provides a legal framework for the use of ADR in Pakistan. The act covers various forms of ADR, including negotiation, mediation, and conciliation. The act also provides for the establishment of ADR centers to facilitate the resolution of disputes.

Arbitration and ADR have several advantages over traditional court proceedings. They are generally faster, less expensive, and more flexible than court proceedings. They also allow parties to maintain greater control over the outcome of their dispute.

In conclusion, arbitration and ADR are becoming increasingly popular in Pakistan as an alternative to traditional court proceedings. The legal framework for arbitration and ADR is provided by the Arbitration Act, 1940 and the Alternative Dispute Resolution Act, 2017. These mechanisms offer parties a faster, less expensive, and more flexible way to resolve disputes.

The following are the Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution laws of Pakistan:

1. The Arbitration Act, 1940

2. The Recognition and Enforcement (Arbitration Agreements and Foreign Arbitral Awards) Act, 2011

3. The Punjab Arbitration (Pakistan International Airlines Corporation Limited) Rules, 1989

4. The Sindh High Court Arbitration Rules, 2011

5. The Balochistan Arbitration Rules, 2016

6. The Alternative Dispute Resolution Act, 2017

These laws provide the legal framework for arbitration and alternative dispute resolution in Pakistan, including the rules and procedures for conducting arbitration and other forms of ADR, as well as the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards and settlement agreements. It is essential to follow these laws and regulations while conducting arbitration or other forms of ADR in Pakistan.

Cyber Law in Pakistan

Cyber laws in Pakistan are designed to regulate the use of technology and prevent cyber crimes. The most important law in this regard is the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016, which provides a legal framework to prevent and prosecute cyber crimes. The Act includes provisions related to unauthorized access, electronic fraud, electronic forgery, cyber stalking, and cyber terrorism.

The Act also provides for the establishment of a National Response Center for Cyber Crimes, which is responsible for investigating and prosecuting cyber crimes. The Act also allows for the interception of electronic communication in certain circumstances, such as when there is a threat to national security.

In addition to the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016, there are other laws in Pakistan that regulate the use of technology. The Electronic Transactions Ordinance 2002 provides a legal framework for electronic transactions in Pakistan, while the Payment Systems and Electronic Fund Transfer Act 2007 regulates electronic payment systems.

The Cyber Crime Wing of the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) is a specialized unit responsible for investigating and prosecuting cyber crimes in Pakistan. The FIA works closely with other law enforcement agencies and regulatory bodies to prevent cyber crimes and ensure the security of electronic communication.

Here is a list of all the cyber laws in Pakistan:

1. Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016: This law regulates cyber crimes in Pakistan, and includes provisions related to unauthorized access, electronic fraud, electronic forgery, cyber stalking, and cyber terrorism.

2. Electronic Transactions Ordinance 2002: This law provides a legal framework for electronic transactions in Pakistan, and includes provisions related to electronic signatures, digital certificates, and electronic records.

3. Payment Systems and Electronic Fund Transfer Act 2007: This law regulates electronic payment systems in Pakistan, and includes provisions related to the licensing and oversight of payment system operators.

4. Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act 1996: This law regulates the telecommunications industry in Pakistan, and includes provisions related to licensing, spectrum allocation, and interconnection between telecommunications operators.

5. Cyber Crime Wing of Federal Investigation Agency (FIA): This is not a law, but a specialized unit within the FIA that is responsible for investigating and prosecuting cyber crimes in Pakistan.

In addition to these laws, there are also various regulations and guidelines issued by regulatory bodies such as the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) and the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) that govern specific aspects of the use of technology in Pakistan.

Media and Entertainment Law

Media and Entertainment Law in Pakistan is a specialized area of law that governs the regulation and management of media and entertainment industries in the country. There are various laws and regulations in Pakistan that deal with media and entertainment, including the following:

1. Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Act, 2002: This law established PEMRA as the regulator for the electronic media industry in Pakistan. PEMRA is responsible for issuing licenses to electronic media organizations, ensuring compliance with relevant laws and regulations, and imposing penalties for non-compliance.

2. Press Council of Pakistan Ordinance, 2002: This law established the Press Council of Pakistan as a statutory body responsible for promoting responsible journalism, protecting the rights of journalists, and addressing complaints related to the media.

3. Copyright Ordinance, 1962: This law provides for the protection of copyright in Pakistan, including literary, artistic, and musical works. It also establishes the Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan (IPO) to administer and enforce copyright laws in the country.

4. The Motion Pictures Ordinance, 1979: This law regulates the film industry in Pakistan, including the production, distribution, and exhibition of films. The Pakistan Film Censor Board is responsible for implementing the provisions of this law.

5. Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act, 1996: This law regulates the telecommunications industry in Pakistan, including the broadcasting of television and radio programs.

6. Defamation Ordinance, 2002: This law provides for the protection of reputation and privacy of individuals and entities, and establishes the legal framework for defamation cases in Pakistan.

Overall, the media and entertainment industry in Pakistan is regulated by a complex web of laws and regulations. These laws provide a legal framework for the functioning of media organizations, protect the rights of journalists and artists, and ensure compliance with relevant laws and regulations.

Here is a list of all the major Media and Entertainment Laws in Pakistan:

1. Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Act, 2002: This law established PEMRA as the regulator for the electronic media industry in Pakistan.

3. Copyright Ordinance, 1962: This law provides for the protection of copyright in Pakistan, including literary, artistic, and musical works.

4. The Motion Pictures Ordinance, 1979: This law regulates the film industry in Pakistan, including the production, distribution, and exhibition of films.

5. Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act, 1996: This law regulates the telecommunications industry in Pakistan, including the broadcasting of television and radio programs.

6. Defamation Ordinance, 2002: This law provides for the protection of reputation and privacy of individuals and entities, and establishes the legal framework for defamation cases in Pakistan.

7. The Punjab Motion Pictures (Amendment) Ordinance, 2021: This law amends the original Punjab Motion Pictures Ordinance, 1979, to provide a legal framework for the promotion and development of the film industry in Punjab.

8. The Sindh Motion Pictures (Constitution, Regulation and Development) Act, 2018: This law establishes a regulatory framework for the development and promotion of the film industry in Sindh.

9. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Motion Pictures (Production, Exhibition and Promotion) Act, 2019: This law regulates the production, exhibition, and promotion of motion pictures in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Overall, these laws provide a legal framework for the functioning of media organizations, protect the rights of journalists and artists, and ensure compliance with relevant laws and regulations.

Health Law in Pakistan

Health Law in Pakistan is a specialized area of law that governs the regulation and management of healthcare in the country. Health Law in Pakistan includes a broad range of laws, regulations, and policies that aim to promote public health, ensure quality healthcare, and protect the rights of patients.

The following is a summary of some of the key laws and regulations related to Health Law in Pakistan:

1. Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) Ordinance, 1962: This law establishes the PMDC as the regulatory body for medical and dental education and practice in Pakistan. The PMDC is responsible for setting standards for medical and dental education and practice, and ensuring compliance with these standards.

2. Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP) Act, 2012: This law establishes the DRAP as the regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices in Pakistan. The DRAP is responsible for ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceuticals and medical devices, and regulating their import, export, and sale in Pakistan.

3. Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 2010: This law regulates the transplantation of human organs and tissues in Pakistan, and establishes a legal framework for organ donation and transplantation.

4. Pakistan Medical Commission Act, 2020: This law establishes the Pakistan Medical Commission (PMC) as the regulatory body for medical education and practice in Pakistan. The PMC is responsible for setting standards for medical education and practice, and ensuring compliance with these standards.

5. Mental Health Ordinance, 2001: This law provides for the protection of the rights of persons with mental illness, and establishes a legal framework for the treatment and care of persons with mental illness.

Overall, Health Law in Pakistan is a critical area of law that aims to promote public health, ensure quality healthcare, and protect the rights of patients. These laws and regulations provide a legal framework for healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies, and other stakeholders in the healthcare industry to operate in a safe and ethical manner, and to provide quality healthcare services to the people of Pakistan.

Here is a list of some of the major Health Laws in Pakistan:

1. Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) Ordinance, 1962: This law establishes the PMDC as the regulatory body for medical and dental education and practice in Pakistan.

2. Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP) Act, 2012: This law establishes the DRAP as the regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices in Pakistan.

3. Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 2010: This law regulates the transplantation of human organs and tissues in Pakistan.

4. Pakistan Medical Commission Act, 2020: This law establishes the Pakistan Medical Commission (PMC) as the regulatory body for medical education and practice in Pakistan.

6. Pakistan Nursing Council Act, 1973: This law establishes the Pakistan Nursing Council (PNC) as the regulatory body for nursing education and practice in Pakistan.

7. Pakistan Medical and Dental Council Code of Ethics Regulations, 2019: This law sets out the ethical standards that medical and dental professionals in Pakistan must adhere to.

8. Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-Smokers Health Ordinance, 2002: This law prohibits smoking in public places and workplaces, and establishes penalties for non-compliance.

9. Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS Ordinance, 2002: This law provides for the prevention, control, and treatment of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan.

Overall, these laws and regulations provide a legal framework for healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies, and other stakeholders in the healthcare industry to operate in a safe and ethical manner, and to provide quality healthcare services to the people of Pakistan.

Nuclear Power Law of Pakistan

The Nuclear Power Law of Pakistan is a legal framework that regulates the development, use, and safety of nuclear power in Pakistan. It was enacted in 2017 and replaced the previous nuclear power law of 1974. The law specifies the roles and responsibilities of various government agencies and entities involved in the nuclear power sector, including the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). It also establishes safety standards and procedures for the operation of nuclear power plants in the country. The law aims to ensure the safe and peaceful use of nuclear energy for the benefit of the country’s socio-economic development while also safeguarding public health and the environment.

There are two Nuclear Power Laws of Pakistan:

The Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Act, 2014: This law was enacted to establish a legal framework for the safe use of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation in Pakistan. It provides for the establishment of the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) as the main regulatory body responsible for ensuring the safety and security of nuclear installations and materials.

The Nuclear Power Plants (Amendment) Act, 2017: This law amends the existing Nuclear Power Plants Ordinance, 1985, and provides for the establishment of nuclear power plants in Pakistan. It specifies the roles and responsibilities of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and other government agencies involved in the development, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear power plants. The law also establishes safety standards and procedures for the operation of nuclear power plants in Pakistan.

Alternative Energy Law of Pakistan

The Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) was established in Pakistan in 2003 to promote and develop alternative energy sources. The Alternative Energy Policy of Pakistan was introduced in 2006 to encourage the use of renewable energy sources and reduce the country’s dependency on fossil fuels.

The Alternative Energy Policy of Pakistan provides a framework for the development and utilization of renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro, and biomass energy. The policy sets targets for the production of renewable energy and provides incentives for investors to invest in alternative energy projects.

The Alternative Energy Policy of Pakistan also includes a number of laws and regulations to promote the use of renewable energy. The Renewable Energy Act was introduced in 2011 to provide a legal framework for the development and implementation of renewable energy projects. The act provides for the establishment of a Renewable Energy Development Fund to finance renewable energy projects.

The Net Metering Regulation was introduced in 2015 to promote the use of solar energy in Pakistan. The regulation allows consumers to install solar panels on their rooftops and sell excess energy back to the grid. The regulation also provides incentives for consumers to install solar panels by reducing the cost of electricity for those who generate their own power.

Overall, the Alternative Energy Law of Pakistan is aimed at promoting the use of renewable energy sources and reducing the country’s dependency on fossil fuels. The policy provides a framework for the development and utilization of renewable energy sources and includes a number of laws and regulations to promote the use of renewable energy.

Here is a list of the Alternative Energy Laws of Pakistan:

Alternative Energy Policy of Pakistan (2006)
Renewable Energy Act (2011)
Net Metering Regulation (2015)
National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) Net Metering Regulations (2015)
Alternative and Renewable Energy (ARE) Training and Capacity Building Regulations (2016)
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Installation and Operation Regulations (2019)
Wind Power Projects Regulations (2019)
Net Metering Distributed Generation Regulations (2020)

These laws and regulations provide a legal framework for the development and implementation of alternative energy projects, promote the use of renewable energy sources, and provide incentives for investors and consumers to invest in and utilize alternative energy sources.

Artificial Intelligence Law in Pakistan

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly evolving technology that has the potential to revolutionize various industries, including the legal profession. In Pakistan, the legal framework for AI is still in its early stages of development, but there are some laws and regulations that apply to the use of AI.

One of the primary laws that apply to AI in Pakistan is the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016. This law prohibits the creation, dissemination, or storage of any data that is deemed to be unlawful or harmful. Additionally, it lays out the penalties for various cybercrimes, including hacking, data theft, and cyberstalking.

In addition to the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) has also issued guidelines for the use of AI in the country. These guidelines set out the requirements for companies that use AI, including the need for transparency, fairness, and accountability in decision-making processes.

Furthermore, the National Technology Council of Pakistan has been established to oversee the development and regulation of emerging technologies, including AI. The council aims to promote the responsible use of AI while also ensuring that it benefits society as a whole.

As of May 2023, the Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication has drafted and issued the “National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy. The policy aims to promote the development, adoption, and use of AI in Pakistan. It sets out a number of goals, including:

Building a Strong AI Ecosystem in Pakistan
Developing AI skills and talent
Promoting the use of AI for economic development
Ensuring the ethical and responsible use of AI

The policy also outlines a number of initiatives that will be undertaken to achieve these goals. These include:

Establishing an AI research and development center
Investing in AI education and training
Developing AI-based applications and services
Creating an AI regulatory framework

The National AI Policy of Pakistan is a significant step forward for the country. It has the potential to help Pakistan to become a leader in the global AI industry. You can read more about the policy here

Here are some of the key features of the policy:

A focus on building a strong AI ecosystem: The policy emphasizes the need to build a strong AI ecosystem in Pakistan. This includes developing AI research and development capabilities, investing in AI education and training, and creating an AI-friendly regulatory environment.
A focus on developing AI skills and talent: The policy recognizes the importance of developing AI skills and talent in Pakistan. This includes providing scholarships for AI education, training government officials on AI, and creating a national AI workforce development program.
A focus on promoting the use of AI for economic development: The policy aims to promote the use of AI for economic development in Pakistan. This includes using AI to improve productivity, efficiency, and innovation in a range of sectors, such as healthcare, education, and manufacturing.
A focus on ensuring the ethical and responsible use of AI: The policy emphasizes the need to ensure the ethical and responsible use of AI in Pakistan. This includes developing ethical guidelines for AI development and use, and creating a mechanism for reporting and addressing AI-related harms.
The National AI Policy of Pakistan is a comprehensive and ambitious document. It has the potential to help Pakistan to become a leader in the global AI industry.

Currently, there are limited laws and policies specifically relating to Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Pakistan. As of 2023, the following laws and policies apply to the use of AI in Pakistan:

1. Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016 – This legislation prohibits the creation, dissemination, or storage of any data that is deemed to be unlawful or harmful.

2. National Technology Council of Pakistan – The council has been established to oversee the development and regulation of emerging technologies, including AI.

3. Guidelines for the Use of AI by Companies – The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) has issued guidelines for the use of AI in the country. These guidelines set out the requirements for companies that use AI, including the need for transparency, fairness, and accountability in decision-making processes.

4. Pakistan Digital Vision – The government of Pakistan has launched the Pakistan Digital Vision, which aims to promote the use of technology in all sectors of the economy, including AI.

5. Intellectual Property Law – The existing intellectual property laws in Pakistan, including patents and copyright laws, apply to AI-generated creations.

6. The Draft National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy of Pakistan 2023 (discussed above)

It is important to note that the legal framework for AI in Pakistan is still in its early stages of development, and as AI continues to evolve, it will become increasingly important for lawmakers and regulators to keep up with the technology’s advancements and to ensure that it is used in a responsible and ethical manner.

Data Protection Law in Pakistan

The data protection law in Pakistan is called the “Personal Data Protection Bill, 2020”. It was approved by the Pakistani cabinet in December 2020 and is currently awaiting approval by the parliament. Once approved, it will establish a legal framework for the collection, processing, storage, and sharing of personal data in the country. The law aims to protect the privacy of individuals and regulate the use of their personal data by organizations, both public and private. It will also provide individuals with the right to access, correct, or delete their personal data held by organizations.

Currently, the only law specifically dedicated to data protection in Pakistan is the “Personal Data Protection Bill, 2020”. However, there are other laws that contain provisions related to the protection of personal data and privacy. Some of these laws are:

1. Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016

2. Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act, 1996

3. Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Ordinance, 2002

4. Freedom of Information Ordinance, 2002

5. Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 (Article 14, 19, and 19A)

6. Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 (Sections 378, 406, 408, 420, 499, 500, and 509)

It is important to note that the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2020, once passed, will be the main law governing data protection in Pakistan.

Defamation law in Pakistan

The laws of Defamation in Pakistan are governed by the Defamation Ordinance, 2002. According to this law, any statement that harms the reputation of another person and is made with the intention to harm or with reckless disregard for the truth can be considered as defamation.

The law provides for both civil and criminal remedies for defamation. The person or organization whose reputation has been harmed can file a civil suit for damages. The punishment for criminal defamation can be imprisonment for up to two years or a fine, or both.

It is important to note that truth is a defense against a defamation claim in Pakistan. If the statement made is true and can be proven, then it will not be considered as defamation. Additionally, fair comment is also protected under the law, which means that individuals are allowed to express their opinions, as long as they are not based on false facts.

Election Laws of Pakistan

The Election Laws of Pakistan consist of several Acts and Rules, some of which are:

1. The Constitution of Pakistan, 1973

2. The Representation of the People Act, 1976

3. The Election Commission Order, 2002

4. The Political Parties Order, 2002

5. The Conduct of General Elections Order, 2002

6. The Delimitation of Constituencies Act, 1974

7. The Provincial Assembly Elections Act, 2019

8. The Senate (Elections) Act, 1975

9. The Presidential Elections Act, 2019

10. The Election Rules, 2017

These laws govern various aspects of elections in Pakistan, including the eligibility of candidates, the conduct of elections, the role of the Election Commission of Pakistan, the delimitation of constituencies, and the resolution of election disputes.

Telecommunication and Broadcasting Law of Pakistan

The Telecommunication and Broadcasting Law of Pakistan is a set of laws and regulations that govern the telecommunications and broadcasting sector in Pakistan. It was initially enacted in 1996 and has been amended several times since then to keep up with the changing technological landscape.

The law provides a framework for the establishment, regulation, and operation of telecommunication and broadcasting services in Pakistan. It covers a wide range of issues, including licensing and regulation of service providers, spectrum management, consumer protection, and dispute resolution mechanisms.

The main regulatory body responsible for implementing the law is the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), which is empowered to issue licenses, regulate service providers, and monitor compliance with the law. The PTA also has the authority to impose penalties on service providers who violate the law or fail to meet their obligations.

Overall, the Telecommunication and Broadcasting Law of Pakistan is a crucial piece of legislation that helps to ensure the smooth functioning of the telecommunications and broadcasting sector in Pakistan, which is essential for the country’s economic development and modernization.

Here are some of the major Telecommunication and Broadcasting Laws of Pakistan:

1. Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act, 1996

2. Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Ordinance, 2002

3. Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933

4. Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) Act, 1996

5. Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) Rules, 2004

6. Telecom Consumers Protection Regulations, 2009

7. Electronic Transactions Ordinance, 2002

8. Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016

These laws and regulations provide a legal framework for the establishment, regulation, and operation of telecommunication and broadcasting services in Pakistan. They cover a wide range of issues, including licensing and regulation of service providers, spectrum management, consumer protection, and dispute resolution mechanisms.

Maritime Law of Pakistan

The Maritime Law of Pakistan is a set of laws and regulations that govern the maritime activities and affairs of Pakistan. These laws are designed to regulate various aspects of the maritime industry, including maritime commerce, shipping, and navigation. The main objective of these laws is to ensure the safety and security of maritime activities, protect the rights of seafarers, and prevent environmental pollution caused by maritime activities.

The Maritime Law of Pakistan includes a number of different laws and regulations, some of which are as follows:

1. Merchant Shipping Ordinance, 2001: This is the main law governing the maritime industry in Pakistan. It regulates the registration of ships, the certification of seafarers, and the safety and security of maritime activities.

2. Pakistan Maritime Zones Act, 1976: This law defines Pakistan’s maritime zones, including the territorial waters, exclusive economic zone, and continental shelf.

3. Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925: This law governs the carriage of goods by sea and provides guidelines for shipping contracts.

4. Pakistan Ports and Harbours Authority Act, 1988: This law establishes the Pakistan Ports and Harbours Authority (PPHA) and gives it the responsibility of managing and regulating Pakistan’s ports and harbours.

5. Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution Act, 2020: This law aims to prevent and control marine pollution caused by ships and other maritime activities.

Overall, the Maritime Law of Pakistan provides a comprehensive legal framework for the maritime industry in Pakistan. It ensures that maritime activities are conducted safely, efficiently, and in compliance with international standards and best practices.

Listed below are some of the major Maritime laws of Pakistan:

Merchant Shipping Ordinance, 2001
Pakistan Maritime Zones Act, 1976
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925
Pakistan Ports and Harbours Authority Act, 1988
Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution Act, 2020
Pakistan Shipping Ordinance, 2001
Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1974
Marine Insurance Ordinance, 1960
Admiralty Jurisdiction and Maritime Law Act, 1976
Coastal Development Authority Act, 1973

These laws and regulations provide a legal framework for the maritime industry in Pakistan. They cover a wide range of issues, including the registration of ships, certification of seafarers, safety and security of maritime activities, management and regulation of ports and harbours, prevention and control of marine pollution, and regulation of employment of dock workers.

Transgender Rights Law in Pakistan

Pakistan does not have any specific laws that protect the rights of transgender people. However, there are a number of laws that could be interpreted to protect transgender people’s rights, including the following:

The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees equality for all citizens, regardless of gender.

The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018 provides for the recognition of transgender people’s legal identity and prohibits discrimination against them.

Despite these laws, transgender people in Pakistan continue to face discrimination and violence. They are often denied access to education, employment, and healthcare. They are also at risk of violence from both the state and society.

In recent years, there has been a growing movement for transgender rights in Pakistan. Transgender activists have been campaigning for the repeal of discriminatory laws and for the implementation of policies that would protect their rights.

Laws on the Protection of Women and Children in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the laws on the protection of women and children are aimed at safeguarding their rights and providing them with equal opportunities. These laws include both constitutional and statutory provisions that prohibit discrimination against women and children and ensure their protection and welfare.

The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees equal rights and opportunities to all citizens, regardless of gender, religion, or ethnicity. It also prohibits discrimination against women and children and ensures their protection and welfare. Moreover, the Constitution also provides for the establishment of special courts for the trial of offenses against women and children.

Pakistan has also enacted several laws to protect the rights and interests of women and children. These laws include the Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act 2006, the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act 2012, and the Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929.

The Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act 2006 aims to enhance the punishment for offenses against women, including rape, acid throwing, and honor killings. The Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act 2012 provides for the protection of women against domestic violence and abuse. It also establishes protection centers for women who are victims of domestic violence.

The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929 prohibits the marriage of girls under the age of 16 and boys under the age of 18. This law aims to prevent child marriages, which are prevalent in some parts of Pakistan.

In addition to these laws, Pakistan has also established several institutions and mechanisms to protect the rights and interests of women and children. These include the National Commission on the Status of Women and the National Commission for Child Welfare and Development.

Despite these laws and institutions, however, women and children in Pakistan continue to face several challenges, including gender-based violence, discrimination, and poverty. Therefore, there is a need for the effective implementation of these laws and the strengthening of institutions and mechanisms to ensure the protection and welfare of women and children in Pakistan.

A non-exhaustive list of the laws on the protection of Women and Children in Pakistan is as follows :

Anti-rape (Investigation and Trial) Act, 2021Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2021

The Islamabad Capital Territory Senior Citizens Act, 2021

The Islamabad Capital Territory Prohibition of Corporal Punishment Act, 2021

The Muslim Family Laws (Amendment) Act, 2021

The Muslim Family Laws (Amendment) Act, 2021 – (XXVIII)

The Zainab Alert, Recovery and Response Act, 2020

The ICT Rights of Persons With Disability Act 2020

The Legal Aid and Justice Authority Act, 2020

The Enforcement of Women’s Property Rights Act, 2020

The Enforcement of Women’s Property Rights (Amendment) Act, 2021

The Letter of Administration and Succession Certificate Act, 2020

The Islamabad Capital Territory Rights of Persons with Disability Act, 2020

Islamabad Capital Territory Child Protection Act, 2018

Islamabad Capital Territory Child Protection (Amendment) Act, 2022

Juvenile Justice System Act, 2018

Juvenile Justice System (Amendment) Act, 2022Prevention of Trafficking in Persons Act, 2018

Transgender Persons (Protection and Rights) Act 2018

Hindu Marriage Act-2017

Witness Protection, Security and Benefit Act, 2017

National Commission on the Rights of the Child Act 2017

National Commission on the Rights of the Child (Amendment) Act 2022

Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016

The Investigation for Fair Trial Act, 2013

Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2012

National Commission for Human Rights Act, 2012

National Commission on the Status of Women Act, 2012

Protection Against Harassment of Women At Workplace Act 2010

The National Commission on the Status of Women (Amendment) Act, 2021

The Special Citizen Act, 2008

Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984 (Law of Evidence)

Women in Distress and Detention Fund Act, 1996

Women in Distress and Detention Fund (Amendment) Act 2018

Women in Distress and Detention Fund (Amendment) Act 2012

Bonded Labour System Abolition Act, 1992

The Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal Act, 1991

Employment of Children Act, 1991The Dowry and Bridal Gift (Restriction) Act, 1976

Probation of Offenders Ordinance 1960

West Pakistan Family Court Act, 1964

West Pakistan Family Court Rules, 1965

West Pakistan Control of Orphanages Act, 1958

Hindu Married Women’s Rights to Separate Residence and Maintenance Act, 1946

Hindu Women Rights to Property Act 1937

Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929

Factories Act, 1934 (Amended in 1997)

Guardian and Ward Act, 1890

Pakistan Penal Code, 1860

Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 1984 (Stripping of women’s clothes, 354A),

Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2004 (Badal-i-sulh, Honor Killing)Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act, 2006

Criminal Law (Second Amendment) Act, 2011

(Offences of Acid throwing)Criminal Law (Third Amendment) Act, 2011 (Of offences against women)

Criminal Law (Second Amendment) Act, 2016

(Criminalizing CSA)Criminal Law (Amendment) (Offence in the name or on the Pretext of Honor) Act, 2016

Criminal Law (Amendment) Offence relating to Rape) Act, 2016

Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018

Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2021 (Anti-rape provisions)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

Disabled Persons (Employment and Rehabilitation) Ordinance, 1981

Christian Marriage Act, 1872

Divorce Act, 1869

Hindu Widows Re-Marriage Act, 1856

Punjab

The Punjab Maternity Benefit Ordinance, 1958

(Punjab) Disabled Persons (Employment and Rehabilitation) Ordinance, 1981

Punjab Mental Health Ordinance, 2001

The Protection of Breastfeeding and Young Child Nutrition Ordinance, 2002

Punjab Protection against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act, 2012.

Punjab Commission on the Status of Women Act, 2014

Punjab Fair Representation of Women Act 2014

The Punjab Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal and child health Authority Act, 2014

Child Marriage Restraint 1929 – Punjab (Amendment) Act of 2015

Muslim Family Ordinance 1961 (Punjab Muslim Family Laws (Amendment) Act, 2015)

Family Courts Act, 1964 (Punjab Family Courts (Amendment) Act, 2015)

Punjab Partition of Immovable Property (Amendment) Act, 2015

The Punjab Land Revenue (Amendment) Act, 2015

The Punjab Protection of Women Against Violence Act, 2016

Punjab Restriction on Employment of Children Ordinance, 2016

Punjab Prohibition of Child Labor at Brick Kilns Act, 2016

Punjab Women Protection Authority Act, 2017

Sindh

Sindh Reproductive Healthcare Rights Act, 2019

The Sindh Women Agricultural Workers Act, 2019

Sindh Empowerment of Persons with Disability Act, 2017

Sind Commission on the Status of Women Act, 2016

Sindh Child Marriage Restraint, Act, 2013Sindh Protection of Human Rights Act, 2013

Sind Child Protection Authority Act, 2013

Sindh Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act, 2013.

Sindh Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 2015

Sindh Hindu Marriage Act, 2016

The Sindh Prohibition of Corporal Punishment Act, 2016.Sindh Children Act, 1955

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Domestic Violence Against Women Act, 2021

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Reproductive HealthCare Rights Act,2020

The Khyber Pakhhtunkhwa Persons with Disabilities (Rights, Rehabilitation & Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities) Act, 2017’

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Commission on the Status of Women Act, 2016

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa prohibition of employment of children act, 2015

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Bonded Labour System Abolition Act, 2015

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Elimination of Custom of Ghag Act, 2013

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Disabled Persons (Employment and Rehabilitation) (Amendment) Act, 2012

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Enforcement of Women Ownership Act, 2012

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Child Protection and Welfare Act 2010

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Disabled Persons (Employment and Rehabilitation) Rules, 1991.

Balochistan

The Balochistan Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act 2014

Balochistan Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2014

Balochistan Child Protection Act, 2016

Balochistan Witness Protection Act 2016

Balochistan Person with Disability Act, 2017

Laws for protection of Senior Citizens in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the following laws provide protection to senior citizens:

1. Senior Citizens Welfare Act 2014

2. Senior Citizens Act 2017

3. Islamabad Capital Territory Senior Citizens Act 2020

These acts provide various rights and protections to senior citizens, including financial security, healthcare, protection from abuse, employment opportunities, and social welfare programs. However, it is important to note that enforcement of these laws is often lacking, and many senior citizens still face challenges in accessing their rights and protections.

Animal Rights Laws in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1890 is the primary law related to animal rights. The act prohibits the cruel treatment of animals and imposes penalties for offences related to animal cruelty. In addition, the Pakistan Penal Code 1860 also includes provisions for punishing offences related to animal cruelty.

However, it is important to note that enforcement of these laws is often lacking, and animal welfare organizations in Pakistan have raised concerns about the inadequate protection of animals.

Veterinary Laws in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the following laws and regulations govern veterinary practices:

1. Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council (PVMC) Act, 1996: This law established the Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council (PVMC) as a regulatory body for veterinary medicine and veterinary education in the country.

2. Punjab Veterinary Practitioners Act, 2015: This act governs the registration and regulation of veterinary practitioners in the province of Punjab.

3. Sindh Animals Health Care Act, 2013: This act regulates the prevention and control of animal diseases in the province of Sindh.

4. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Animals Health Care Act, 2018: This act regulates the prevention and control of animal diseases in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

5. Balochistan Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 2017: This act prohibits the cruel treatment of animals and provides penalties for offences related to animal cruelty in the province of Balochistan. In addition to these laws, there are also regulations and guidelines issued by the PVMC and other relevant authorities that govern veterinary practices in Pakistan. It is important for veterinary practitioners to be aware of these laws and regulations to ensure compliance and provide safe and effective care for animals.

Laws Regulating Medical Professionals in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the following laws and regulations govern medical professionals:

1. Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) Ordinance, 1962: This law established the PMDC as a regulatory body for medical and dental education and practice in the country.

2. Pakistan Medical Commission (PMC) Act, 2020: This act replaced the PMDC and established the PMC as a new regulatory body for medical and dental education and practice in the country.

3. Punjab Healthcare Commission Act, 2010: This act regulates healthcare services in the province of Punjab and provides for the registration and regulation of healthcare facilities and professionals.

4. Sindh Healthcare Commission Act, 2013: This act regulates healthcare services in the province of Sindh and provides for the registration and regulation of healthcare facilities and professionals.

5. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Healthcare Commission Act, 2015: This act regulates healthcare services in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and provides for the registration and regulation of healthcare facilities and professionals.

In addition to these laws, there are also regulations and guidelines issued by the PMC and other relevant authorities that govern medical and dental education and practice in Pakistan. It is important for medical professionals to be aware of these laws and regulations to ensure compliance and provide safe and effective care for patients.

Disabled Persons laws in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the following laws provide protection and rights to disabled persons:

1. The Disabled Persons (Employment and Rehabilitation) Ordinance 1981: This ordinance provides for the employment, education, and rehabilitation of disabled persons.

2. The National Policy for Persons with Disabilities, 2002: This policy aims to provide equal opportunities and protection for disabled persons and promote their welfare and inclusion in society.

3. The ICT Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2020: This act provides for the rights and protection of persons with disabilities in the Islamabad Capital Territory, including access to education, employment, and public spaces.

4. The Punjab Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2018: This act provides for the rights and protection of persons with disabilities in the province of Punjab, including access to education, employment, and public spaces.

5. The Sindh Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2018: This act provides for the rights and protection of persons with disabilities in the province of Sindh, including access to education, employment, and public spaces.

In addition to these laws, there are also regulations and guidelines issued by relevant authorities that govern the rights and protection of disabled persons in Pakistan. It is important for society to follow these laws and regulations to ensure disabled persons have equal opportunities and rights.

Pakistan Building and Construction Laws

In Pakistan, the following laws and regulations govern building and construction:

1. Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) Act, 1976: This law establishes the PEC as a regulatory body for engineering practices and professionals in the country.

2. Building Control Regulations, 2003: These regulations provide guidelines for the construction and maintenance of buildings in Pakistan.

3. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997: This act regulates the environmental impact of building and construction activities in the country.

4. National Building Code of Pakistan, 2006: This code provides technical requirements and guidelines for the design and construction of buildings in Pakistan.

5. Punjab Development of Cities Act, 1976: This act regulates the development and planning of cities in the province of Punjab.

6. Sindh Building Control Ordinance, 1979: This ordinance regulates the construction and maintenance of buildings in the province of Sindh.

In addition to these laws and regulations, there are also local building codes, bylaws, and regulations issued by relevant authorities that govern building and construction activities in different areas of Pakistan. It is important for builders and construction companies to be aware of these laws and regulations to ensure compliance and provide safe and quality structures.

Insurance Laws in Pakistan

In Pakistan, insurance laws are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) through the Insurance Ordinance 2000. The ordinance provides a legal framework for the regulation and supervision of insurance companies and their operations in Pakistan. Under the ordinance, insurance companies are required to obtain a license from the SECP before they can operate in Pakistan. The ordinance also provides guidelines for the formation, registration, and management of insurance companies. All insurance companies are required by law to maintain a minimum solvency margin and to invest their funds in accordance with the guidelines provided by the SECP. The ordinance also requires insurance companies to maintain a fund to compensate policyholders in case of insolvency. In addition to the Insurance Ordinance 2000, there are other laws that regulate specific types of insurance in Pakistan. For example, the Motor Vehicles Act 1939 requires all motor vehicle owners to have third-party liability insurance, while the Employees’ Old-Age Benefits Act 1976 requires employers to provide group life insurance and group accidental insurance to their employees. Overall, the insurance laws in Pakistan aim to protect the interests of policyholders and to ensure that insurance companies operate in a fair and transparent manner.

Here is a list of the major insurance laws and regulations in Pakistan:

1. The Insurance Ordinance 2000 – Provides a legal framework for the regulation and supervision of insurance companies and their operations in Pakistan.

2. The Insurance Rules 2017 – Provides detailed guidance on the implementation of the Insurance Ordinance 2000.

3. The Insurance (Self-Regulatory Organizations) Regulations 2014 – Establishes the framework for self-regulatory organizations within the insurance sector.

4. The Takaful Rules 2012 – Regulates the operations of Takaful (Islamic insurance) companies in Pakistan.

5. The Motor Vehicles Act 1939 – Requires all motor vehicle owners to have third-party liability insurance. 6. The Employees’ Old-Age Benefits Act 1976 – Requires employers to provide group life insurance and group accidental insurance to their employees.

7. The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Act 1997 – Establishes the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan as the main regulatory authority for the insurance sector.

8. The Insurance Ombudsman Rules 2013 – Establishes the office of the Insurance Ombudsman to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution between policyholders and insurance companies.

These are the major laws and regulations governing the insurance sector in Pakistan. There may be other regulations specific to certain types of insurance products or companies.

Exchange Rate Laws in Pakistan

The Exchange Rate Laws in Pakistan are governed by the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), which is the country’s central bank and is responsible for formulating and implementing monetary policy. The SBP regulates the exchange rate regime in Pakistan, which has been historically managed through a managed float system. Under the managed float system, the exchange rate is determined by market forces, but the SBP intervenes in the market to maintain stability and avoid excessive volatility. The SBP also sets the official exchange rate, which is used for government transactions, official reserves, and other purposes. Foreign exchange transactions are regulated by the Foreign Exchange Regulations Act of 1947, which requires all foreign exchange transactions to be conducted through authorized dealers, such as banks and exchange companies. The act also imposes restrictions on the import and export of foreign currency and requires reporting of large foreign exchange transactions. Overall, the Exchange Rate Laws in Pakistan aim to maintain stability in the exchange rate and regulate foreign exchange transactions to ensure that they are conducted in a transparent and legal manner.

The Exchange Rate Laws in Pakistan are as follows:

1. Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1947

2. Foreign Exchange Manual

3. State Bank of Pakistan Act 1956

4. Foreign Exchange Policy

5. Import Policy Order

6. Export Policy Order

7. Foreign Exchange Regulations, 2018

8. Protection of Economic Reforms Act 1992

9. Anti-Money Laundering Act 2010

10. Anti-Terrorism Act 1997

These laws regulate and govern the exchange of foreign currencies in Pakistan.

Foreign Currency (FOREX) Laws in Pakistan

The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) governs foreign currency laws in Pakistan. This law regulates the flow and exchange of foreign currency in Pakistan. It is mandatory for all foreign currency transactions to be conducted through authorized banks and money changers. Individuals and companies can hold and operate foreign currency accounts in Pakistan, subject to certain conditions. These conditions include the source of the foreign currency, the purpose of the account, and the compliance with applicable tax laws. Foreign exchange transactions for trade and investment purposes are allowed without any restrictions, subject to the submission of relevant documents and compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) is responsible for regulating and monitoring foreign currency transactions in Pakistan. Any violation of foreign currency laws can result in penalties and fines, including imprisonment. It is recommended to seek professional advice before conducting any foreign currency transactions in Pakistan.

Some of the foreign currency laws in Pakistan are as follows

1. Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1947

2. Foreign Exchange Management Regulations 2019

3. Foreign Exchange Manual

4. State Bank of Pakistan Act 1956

5. Protection of Economic Reforms Act 1992

6. Anti Money Laundering Act 2010

7. Anti-Terrorism Act 1997

8. Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016

9. Securities and Exchange Ordinance 1969

These laws are designed to regulate foreign currency transactions in Pakistan and to prevent illegal activities such as money laundering and terrorism financing. Individuals and businesses who engage in foreign currency transactions are required to comply with these laws and regulations.

Laws regarding MLMs and Ponzi schemes in Pakistan

In Pakistan, MLMs (Multi-Level Marketing) and Ponzi schemes are illegal and considered to be fraudulent activities under the law. The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) regulates and monitors all activities related to investments to protect investors from fraudulent schemes. The SECP has issued guidelines and regulations to prevent and combat MLMs and Ponzi schemes in the country. Any person or entity found guilty of promoting or participating in such schemes can face serious legal consequences, including imprisonment and fines. It is important for individuals to be cautious and do their due diligence before investing in any scheme or opportunity.

Below are some of the laws and regulations related to MLMs and Ponzi schemes in Pakistan:

1. The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) Act, 1997 – This act establishes the SECP as the regulatory body for the securities markets in Pakistan. It gives the SECP the power to regulate, monitor, and supervise all activities related to investments to protect investors from fraudulent schemes.

2. The Companies Act, 2017 – This act governs the incorporation, management, and winding up of companies in Pakistan. It contains provisions to prevent fraudulent activities, including MLMs and Ponzi schemes.

3. The Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2010 – This act criminalizes money laundering and provides the legal framework for the prevention, detection, and prosecution of money laundering offences.

4. The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016 – This act criminalizes cybercrime, including online fraud and scams.

5. The Payment Systems and Electronic Fund Transfers Act, 2007 – This act regulates electronic payments and fund transfers in Pakistan. It contains provisions to prevent fraudulent activities in electronic transactions.

Additionally, the SECP has issued guidelines and regulations to prevent and combat MLMs and Ponzi schemes in the country. These include the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (Prohibition of Pyramid Schemes) Regulations, 2020, and the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (Prohibition of Unlawful Practices Relating to Securities) Regulations, 2016.

Anti-corruption laws in Pakistan

Pakistan has several anti-corruption laws in place to combat corruption in the country. Some of the important anti-corruption laws in Pakistan are:

1. National Accountability Ordinance, 1999 (NAO): This is the main anti-corruption law in Pakistan which established the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) to investigate and prosecute corruption cases.

2. Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947: This act criminalizes the act of giving or taking bribes in public office.

3. Whistleblower Protection and Vigilance Commission Act, 2010: This act provides protection to whistleblowers who report corruption in public and private sectors.

4. Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947: This act regulates the movement of foreign currency and any illegal practices related to it.

5. Public Procurement Regulatory Authority Ordinance, 2002: This ordinance regulates public procurement to ensure transparency and accountability in government contracts.

6. Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2010: This act criminalizes the act of money laundering and provides measures to prevent it. These laws are enforced by various authorities and agencies in Pakistan, including the NAB, Federal Investigation Agency (FIA), and Anti-Corruption Establishment (ACE).

Commercial laws in Pakistan

Commercial laws in Pakistan include several acts and ordinances that regulate and govern various commercial activities. Some of the notable commercial laws in Pakistan are:

1. Companies Act, 2017: This act governs the incorporation, functioning, and winding up of companies in Pakistan.

2. Sales of Goods Act, 1930: This act regulates the sale and purchase of goods in Pakistan, including their transfer of ownership and liability.

3. Partnership Act, 1932: This act governs the formation, management, and dissolution of partnerships in Pakistan.

4. Contract Act, 1872: This act regulates the formation and enforcement of contracts in Pakistan.

5. Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Act, 1997: This act establishes the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan and regulates the securities market in Pakistan.

6. Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: This act regulates the use and transfer of negotiable instruments such as cheques, promissory notes, and bills of exchange in Pakistan.

7. Intellectual Property Laws: This includes the Trademarks Ordinance, 2001, the Patents Ordinance, 2000, and the Copyright Ordinance, 1962, which protect intellectual property rights in Pakistan. These are just some of the commercial laws in Pakistan, and there are many others that regulate various commercial activities in the country.

Law of Cryptocurrency in Pakistan

The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has not yet legalized or regulated the use of cryptocurrencies in the country. In April 2018, the SBP issued a circular warning financial institutions and the general public against using virtual currencies, stating that they are not legal tender in Pakistan and do not have any regulatory protection.

Education laws in Pakistan

The education laws in Pakistan are governed by the Constitution of Pakistan and the Federal Ministry of Education. Some of the key education laws in Pakistan include:

1. The Right to Education Act: This law ensures that every child between the ages of 5 and 16 has the right to free and compulsory education.

2. The National Education Policy: This policy provides guidelines for the development of education in Pakistan and aims to improve access, quality, and equity in education.

3. The Punjab Free and Compulsory Education Act: This law mandates free and compulsory education for all children between the ages of 5 and 16 in the province of Punjab.

4. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act: This law mandates free and compulsory education for all children between the ages of 5 and 16 in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

5. The Sindh Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act: This law mandates free and compulsory education for all children between the ages of 5 and 16 in the province of Sindh. These laws are aimed at improving access to education and ensuring that every child in Pakistan has the right to an education.

Engineering Laws in Pakistan

Below are some of the engineering laws that are relevant in Pakistan:

1. Pakistan Engineering Council Act, 1976: This act established the Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) and outlines its functions and responsibilities related to the regulation of engineering profession and education in Pakistan.

2. Pakistan Engineering Council Bye-Laws, 1987: These bye-laws explain the code of conduct for engineers in Pakistan and set the standards for their professional conduct.

3. Pakistan Engineering Council Accreditation Manual, 2007: This manual outlines the criteria for accreditation of engineering programs and institutions in Pakistan.

4. Pakistan Engineering Council Continuing Professional Development Byelaws, 2008: These byelaws require engineers to maintain their professional competence through continuing professional development activities.

5. Pakistan Engineering Council Rules of Professional Conduct, 2010: These rules explain the principles and values that engineers in Pakistan should follow in their professional work.

6. Pakistan Engineering Council Code of Ethics, 2014: This code outlines the ethical principles and standards that engineers should adhere to in their professional work.

7. Pakistan Engineering Council Examination Bye-Laws, 2017: These bye-laws explain the requirements for registration and examination of engineers in Pakistan.

Laws Regarding the Legal Profession in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the legal profession is governed by several laws, including:

1. Legal Practitioners and Bar Councils Act, 1973: This act regulates the legal profession in Pakistan and provides for the establishment of bar councils and the registration of practicing lawyers.

2. Pakistan Bar Council Rules: These rules provide for the conduct of lawyers and their professional ethics.

3. Code of Conduct for Advocates: This code provides guidelines for the professional conduct of advocates and their duties towards the court, clients, and society.

4. Pakistan Legal Practitioners and Bar Councils Rules, 1976: These rules provide for the qualification and admission of lawyers to the bar and their enrollment as advocates.

5. Legal Education Rules, 2008: These rules provide for the regulation of legal education in Pakistan and the accreditation of law schools.

6. Supreme Court Rules, 1980: These rules provide for the practice and procedure in the Supreme Court of Pakistan.

7. High Court Rules and Orders: Each high court in Pakistan has its own rules and orders that govern the practice and procedure in that court. Overall, these laws aim to ensure that the legal profession in Pakistan maintains a high standard of professional conduct and ethics and that lawyers are qualified and competent to practice law.

Laws Regarding Judges in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the laws regarding judges are governed by the Constitution of Pakistan, the Pakistan Penal Code, and the Code of Criminal Procedure. The following are some of the key laws and regulations that apply to judges in Pakistan:

1. The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees the independence of the judiciary and ensures that judges are appointed on merit and with due regard to their qualifications and experience.

2. The Pakistan Penal Code contains provisions that prohibit judges from taking bribes or engaging in corrupt practices.

3. The Code of Criminal Procedure sets out the procedures for the appointment, removal, and discipline of judges in Pakistan.

4. The Code of Conduct for Judges, issued by the Supreme Court of Pakistan, sets out the ethical and professional standards that judges are expected to adhere to.

5. The Judicial Commission of Pakistan is responsible for the appointment and promotion of judges in Pakistan.

6. The Supreme Judicial Council is responsible for investigating and disciplining judges who are accused of misconduct or corruption. Overall, the laws and regulations regarding judges in Pakistan are aimed at ensuring that the judiciary remains independent, impartial, and free from corruption or undue influence.

Law of Wills in Pakistan

It is permissible for a citizen of Pakistan to make a Will about the disposal of their property after their death. Every person, male and female, of sound mind may dispose of his property by Will. Only an adult can make a Will and a minor (under 18 years of age) cannot make a Will. The form of the Will is immaterial and it can be made either verbally/orally or in writing.The Muslims (Sunni) can make a Will for a maximum of 1/3rd of the estate and the rest of 2/3rd of the shares have to be compulsorily divided among the legal heirs. If the Will is made in favour of one or more of the legal heirs, then it can be
implemented when all other legal heirs consent to the Will, otherwise the whole property shall be divided among the legal heir as per predetermined shares.According to the Shia law, a testator may leave legacy to an heir so long as it does not exceed 1/3 of his/her estate. Such a legacy is valid without the consent of other heirs, but if the legacy exceeds 1/3 , it is not valid unless the other heirs consent.It should be noted that under Islamic law, a person on deathbed is not allowed to make a Will. Even if they makes a Will while they are on their deathbed, it may not be acted upon unless the legal heirs agree. A non-Muslim can make a Will in their own life to gift away their entire estate unless regulated by his/her personal law that shall be binding.

Succession and Inheritance Laws in Pakistan for Muslims

In Pakistan, the laws and regulations applying to succession and inheritance of Muslims are governed by the Islamic laws of inheritance, which are known as Shariah. These laws are derived from the Holy Quran and the Hadith, which are the sayings of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). In Pakistan, the laws and regulations that apply to succession and inheritance of Muslims are as follows:

1. The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961: This law deals with various aspects of family law, including marriage, divorce, maintenance, and inheritance.

2. The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937: This law applies the principles of Muslim law to matters of succession and inheritance for Muslims.

3. The Succession Act, 1925: This law applies to non-Muslims and regulates the distribution of property and assets after death.

4. The Waqf Act, 1954: This law deals with the creation and administration of Waqfs, which are endowments for religious or charitable purposes.

5. The Federal Shariat Court Act, 1980: This law establishes the Federal Shariat Court, which is responsible for interpreting the Islamic laws of inheritance and other matters related to Shariah.

6. The Punjab Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1962: This law applies the principles of Muslim law to matters of succession and inheritance for Muslims in the Punjab province.

7. The Sindh Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 2019: This law deals with various aspects of family law, including marriage, divorce, maintenance, and inheritance for Muslims in the Sindh province. It is important to note that these laws and regulations are subject to interpretation by Islamic scholars and may vary depending on the school of thought followed by the individual or family.

Laws and regulations applying to Succession and Inheritance in Pakistan of Non-Muslims

In Pakistan, the laws and regulations applying to succession and inheritance of non-Muslims are governed by the Succession Act, 1925. This law applies to Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, and other non-Muslim communities living in Pakistan. According to the Succession Act, the inheritance of property is governed by the deceased person’s will. If the deceased person has not left a will, the property is divided among the legal heirs according to the law of intestacy. The legal heirs include the spouse, children, parents, and siblings of the deceased person. In the case of non-Muslims, the inheritance of property is also subject to the personal laws of their respective religions. For example, in the case of Christians, the inheritance of property is governed by the Christian Personal Law. Similarly, for Hindus, the Hindu Personal Law applies. It is important to note that the Succession Act, 1925, does not apply to Muslims living in Pakistan. Muslims are governed by Shariah law, which has a different set of rules for inheritance and succession.

Bankruptcy Law in Pakistan

The law governing bankruptcy in Pakistan is the Companies Act, 2017. This act provides for the bankruptcy of incorporated companies and other types of entities. Under this law, a company may file for bankruptcy if it is unable to pay its debts in full as they become due or if its assets are less than its liabilities. The Companies Act, 2017 also provides for the appointment of a receiver who takes control of the company’s assets and manages them in the best interests of the creditors. The receiver has the power to sell assets, terminate contracts, and take other actions to recover funds for the creditors. In addition, the State Bank of Pakistan has established guidelines for the restructuring of debt owed by insolvent companies. These guidelines provide a framework for negotiations between the company and its creditors to restructure the debt and avoid bankruptcy. Finally, the Insolvency Act, 1920 provides for the liquidation of a company’s assets in the event of bankruptcy. This act outlines the procedures for the liquidation process, including the appointment of a liquidator and the distribution of proceeds to creditors.

Islamic Law in Pakistan

1. The Constitution of Pakistan declares that Islam is the state religion and that all laws should be in accordance with Islamic principles.

2. The Hudood Ordinance, introduced in 1979, covers a range of offences related to morality, including adultery, fornication, and theft. Punishments under this law include amputation of hands for theft and stoning to death for adultery.

3. The Qisas and Diyat Ordinance, introduced in 1990, provides for the punishment of murder and other offences against the person. It allows the victim’s family to demand retribution or compensation (diyat) in lieu of punishment.

4. The blasphemy law, introduced in 1986, makes it a criminal offence to insult or defile the Prophet Muhammad, the Quran, or any other Islamic figure or text. Punishments under this law include fines, imprisonment, and even death.

5. The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, introduced in 1961, governs marriage, divorce, and family matters for Muslims in Pakistan. It provides for the registration of marriages, sets minimum ages for marriage, and outlines procedures for divorce and child custody.

These are just a few examples of Islamic laws in Pakistan. It’s important to note that there is ongoing debate and controversy over the interpretation and implementation of these laws.

Censorship laws in Pakistan

1. The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Ordinance, 2002

2. The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA), 2016

3. The Pakistan Penal Code (PPC), 1860

4. The Official Secrets Act, 1923

5. The Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA), 1997

6. The Defamation Ordinance, 2002

7. The Press, Newspapers, News Agencies and Books Registration Ordinance, 2002

8. The Motion Pictures Ordinance, 1979

These laws are meant to regulate and control the content that is being disseminated through various media platforms such as television, radio, print media, and the internet. They cover a wide range of issues, including hate speech, blasphemy, national security, obscenity, and defamation.

Energy law in Pakistan

There are several laws related to energy in Pakistan. Here are some of the major ones:

1. Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) Ordinance, 2002

2. Pakistan Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act, 2016

3. Pakistan Energy Sukuk-II Rules, 2020

4. Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Policy, 2012

5. National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) Act, 1997

6. Renewable Energy Policy, 2019

7. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) Act, 2010

8. Pakistan Power Sector Reforms Act, 2015

9. Power Generation Policy, 2015

10. Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), 2011.

Oil and Gas Laws, Regulations, and Policies in Pakistan

Some major Oil and Gas Laws, Regulations, and Policies in Pakistan are:

1. Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) Ordinance, 2002

2. Petroleum Concession Agreement (PCA) Policy, 2012

3. Petroleum Policy, 2012

4. Gas Sale and Purchase Agreement (GSPA) Policy, 2013

5. Natural Gas Tariff Policy, 2016

6. Natural Gas Allocation Policy, 2011

7. Petroleum Exploration and Production Policy, 2012

8. Petroleum Products Marketing Rules, 1971

9. Oil and Gas (Exploration and Production) Rules, 1949

10. Pakistan Oilfields Limited (POL) Exploration and Production Policy

These laws, regulations, and policies govern the exploration, production, transportation, and sale of oil and gas in Pakistan, and aim to ensure transparency, fairness, and sustainability in the industry.

Mining Law, Regulation and Policy in Pakistan

Below are the major laws and regulations related to mining in Pakistan:

1. The Mines Act, 1923

2. The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1948

3. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997

4. The Pakistan Mining Concession Rules, 1960

5. The Pakistan Mining Concession (Amendment) Rules, 1971

6. The Pakistan Mining Concession (Amendment) Rules, 1978

7. The Pakistan Mining Concession (Amendment) Rules, 1980

8. The Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation Act, 1974 9.

The Balochistan Mineral Rules, 2002

10. The Punjab Mining Concession Rules, 2002

11. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mining Concession Rules, 2005

12. The Sindh Mining Concession Rules, 2002

13. The National Mineral Policy, 1995

14. The National Mineral Policy, 2013

15. The National Mineral Exploration Policy, 2015.

Electricity laws in Pakistan:

1. The Electricity Act, 1910

2. The Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) Wapda Act, 1998

3. The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) Act, 1997

4. The Regulation of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power Act, 1997

5. The Regulation of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power (Amendment) Ordinance, 2002

6. The Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) Employees (Welfare) Ordinance, 1980

7. The Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) Employees (Appointment, Promotion and Transfer) Regulations, 1982

8. The Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) Employees (Conduct) Rules, 1980

Solar Power Law, Policy and Regulation in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the use of solar power has been encouraged by the government through various policies and regulatory frameworks. The following are some of the key laws, policies, and regulations related to solar power in Pakistan:

1. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) Act 2010: This act established the AEDB as the main regulatory body responsible for promoting and developing alternative and renewable energy sources, including solar power.

2. National Energy Policy 2013: This policy aims to promote the use of renewable energy sources, including solar power, to help reduce Pakistan’s dependence on imported fossil fuels.

3. Renewable Energy Policy 2006: This policy provided a framework for the development of renewable energy sources, including solar power, by private investors and encouraged the participation of the private sector in the development of renewable energy projects.

4. Net Metering Regulations 2015: These regulations allow solar power system owners to sell excess electricity generated by their systems back to the national grid, providing an incentive for the adoption of solar power.

5. Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) Policy: This policy provides a guaranteed price for electricity generated from renewable energy sources, including solar power, for a specific period of time, providing an incentive for investors to develop renewable energy projects.

6. Solar PV and Thermal Systems (Certification and Standards) Regulations 2018: These regulations provide guidelines and standards for the certification of solar PV and thermal systems to ensure their safety and quality.

Overall, Pakistan has taken significant steps to encourage the adoption of solar power through various policies, regulations, and incentives. However, there is still a need for further investment and development in the sector to fully realize the benefits of solar power and achieve sustainable energy goals.

Renewable Energy Law in Pakistan

Pakistan has made significant strides in promoting renewable energy in recent years. In 2019, the country launched its Alternative Energy Development Board, which is responsible for promoting and developing renewable energy projects. The board works with various government agencies, private sector entities and international organizations to ensure the country meets its renewable energy targets. The Renewable Energy Policy of Pakistan, launched in 2006, provides a framework for promoting renewable energy development in the country. The policy aims to increase the share of renewable energy in the country’s energy mix to 5% by 2030. In 2019, the government launched the Net Metering Framework, which allows households and businesses to install solar panels and sell excess energy back to the grid. This has helped to incentivize the adoption of solar energy in the country. The government has also introduced a number of financial incentives to encourage investment in renewable energy. These incentives include tax exemptions, duty exemptions on import of renewable energy equipment, and subsidies for renewable energy projects. Overall, Pakistan has made significant progress in promoting renewable energy in recent years. The government’s commitment to renewable energy and the introduction of supportive policies and incentives have helped to drive investment in the sector.

Airforce Law in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the Air Force Act, 1953 is the primary law that governs the organization, structure, and operation of the Pakistan Air Force. The act sets out the powers, duties, and responsibilities of the Air Force and its personnel, including the conditions of service, discipline, and punishment for any violations of the law. Additionally, the Pakistan Air Force has its own set of regulations and orders that lay down specific rules and procedures for various aspects of the Air Force’s functioning, such as recruitment, training, promotion, and retirement. The Pakistan Air Force also operates under the broader laws of the country, including the Pakistan Armed Forces Act, 1952, which sets out the general framework for the functioning of all branches of the Pakistani military. Overall, the Air Force in Pakistan operates under a well-defined legal framework that ensures discipline, order, and accountability in its operations and personnel.

Regulations of Pakistan Air Force

The Pakistan Air Force has several regulations and orders that govern various aspects of its operations and personnel. Here are some of the significant regulations and orders of the Pakistan Air Force:

1. PAF Order 1999: This order sets out the general administrative procedures for the Pakistan Air Force. 2. PAF Order 2008: This order lays down the regulations for the recruitment, selection, and training of officers and airmen in the Pakistan Air Force.

3. PAF Order 2009: This order sets out the rules and procedures for promotions of officers and airmen in the Pakistan Air Force.

4. PAF Order 2010: This order lays down the regulations for the retirement and discharge of officers and airmen from the Pakistan Air Force.

5. PAF Order 2012: This order sets out the rules and procedures for the discipline and punishment of officers and airmen in the Pakistan Air Force.

6. PAF Order 2013: This order lays down the regulations for the welfare and benefits of officers and airmen in the Pakistan Air Force.

7. PAF Order 2015: This order sets out the rules and procedures for the medical examination and fitness of officers and airmen in the Pakistan Air Force.

8. PAF Order 2017: This order lays down the regulations for the supply and maintenance of equipment and facilities in the Pakistan Air Force.

Navy law in Pakistan

The Pakistan Navy operates under the Pakistan Navy Ordinance, 1961, which outlines the legal framework for the organization and operations of the Navy. The ordinance provides for the establishment of the Naval Headquarters, the appointment of the Chief of the Naval Staff, and the powers and duties of the Naval officers. In addition to the Pakistan Navy Ordinance, the Navy is also governed by a number of regulations and policies, including:

1. Pakistan Navy Rules of Business, 1976

2. Pakistan Navy Recruitment Regulations, 1990

3. Pakistan Navy Code of Conduct, 2007

4. Pakistan Navy Pension Regulations, 1961

5. Pakistan Navy Discipline Regulations, 1984

These laws and regulations are regularly reviewed and updated to ensure that the Navy operates in accordance with the highest legal and ethical standards.

Law applying to the Army in Pakistan

The military justice system in Pakistan is governed by the Pakistan Army Act 1952, the Pakistan Navy Ordinance 1961, and the Pakistan Air Force Act 1953. These laws define the organization, structure, and functions of the military justice system in Pakistan. The military justice system is responsible for maintaining discipline, enforcing military law, and ensuring the accountability of military personnel. Military courts in Pakistan have jurisdiction over all military personnel, including officers, soldiers, and civilians employed by the military.

Police Law in Pakistan

Police law in Pakistan is primarily governed by the Police Order 2002, which was introduced as a replacement for the previous Police Act of 1861. The aim of the Police Order 2002 was to modernize and reform the police system in Pakistan. Under the Police Order 2002, the police are responsible for maintaining law and order, preventing and detecting crime, and protecting the lives and property of the citizens. The order outlines the functions and duties of the police, including the power to investigate and arrest suspects, maintain public order, and provide assistance during emergencies. The Police Order 2002 also establishes a system of police accountability, with the creation of police complaints authorities at the district, provincial, and federal levels. These authorities are responsible for investigating complaints against police officers and ensuring that they are held accountable for any misconduct or abuse of power. In addition to the Police Order 2002, there are several other laws and regulations that govern the police in Pakistan, including the Pakistan Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, Anti-Terrorism Act, and the National Counter Terrorism Authority (NACTA) Act. Overall, the police in Pakistan are an essential component of the country’s justice system, and their role in maintaining law and order is crucial for ensuring the safety and security of the citizens.

Civil Servants/Service law in Pakistan

The Civil Servants Act, 1973 is the primary law governing civil servants in Pakistan. The act provides for the appointment, promotion, and retirement of civil servants, as well as their conduct, discipline, and appeals. Under the act, civil servants are classified into different grades, with each grade having specific job requirements and salary scales. The government is responsible for recruiting civil servants through a competitive examination process and for ensuring that they receive appropriate training and development opportunities. The act also outlines the code of conduct for civil servants, which includes the requirement to maintain political neutrality and to act with integrity and impartiality. Civil servants are subject to disciplinary action if they fail to comply with the code of conduct or if they engage in misconduct. In addition to the Civil Servants Act, there are other laws and regulations that govern specific areas of civil service, such as the rules and regulations for the civil service, the pay and pension rules, and the rules for promotions and transfers.

Here are some of the laws and regulations applicable to civil servants in Pakistan:

1. Civil Servants Act, 1973

2. Civil Servants (Appointment, Promotion and Transfer) Rules, 1973

3. Civil Servants (Efficiency and Discipline) Rules, 1973

4. Civil Servants (Conduct) Rules, 1964

5. Federal Employees Benevolent Fund and Group Insurance Act, 1969

6. Federal Employees Housing Foundation Act, 1973

7. Civil Servants (Pay) Rules, 2017

8. Civil Servants (Allowances) Rules, 1977

9. Civil Servants (Retirement) Benefits Rules, 1977

10. Civil Servants (Pension) Rules, 1972

11. Civil Servants (Appeal) Rules, 1977

12. Civil Servants (Seniority) Rules, 1993

These are some of the major laws and regulations that govern the employment, conduct, and benefits of civil servants in Pakistan. There may be other laws and regulations that are specific to certain departments or agencies of the government, an example being WAPDA (see below).

WAPDA laws in Pakistan

WAPDA stands for Water and Power Development Authority and it is responsible for managing and maintaining water and power resources in Pakistan. The laws governing WAPDA in Pakistan are as follows:

1. WAPDA Act, 1958: This is the primary law that governs the establishment, functions, and powers of WAPDA.

2. Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (Tariff) Rules, 1995: This law regulates the tariff charged by WAPDA for the supply of electricity and water.

3. Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (Security) Rules, 1978: This law provides for the security arrangements for WAPDA installations and employees.

4. Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (Appointment and Conditions of Service) Rules, 1978: This law deals with the appointment and conditions of service of WAPDA employees.

5. Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (Finance) Rules, 1978: This law regulates the financial matters of WAPDA.

6. Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (Hydro Power Stations) Rules, 1995: This law lays down the rules for the operation and maintenance of hydro power stations managed by WAPDA.

7. Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (Generation of Electricity and Steam) Rules, 1995: This law regulates the generation of electricity and steam by WAPDA.

Anti-smoking laws in Pakistan

Pakistan has several anti-smoking laws in place, including:

1. The Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-Smokers Health Ordinance, 2002: This law prohibits smoking in public places such as offices, educational institutions, restaurants, hospitals, and public transport.

2. The Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-Smokers Health (Amendment) Act, 2019: This amendment prohibits the sale of tobacco products to minors and requires tobacco companies to display graphic health warnings on cigarette packs.

3. The Punjab Prohibition of Sheesha Smoking Ordinance, 2012: This law prohibits the sale and use of sheesha (waterpipe) in public places.

4. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-Smokers Health Ordinance, 2019: This law prohibits smoking in public places and requires tobacco companies to display graphic health warnings on cigarette packs. Violators of these laws can face fines and imprisonment.

Law relating to Tobacco production and Use in Pakistan

Tobacco production and use are regulated in Pakistan by various laws and regulations. The Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination is responsible for regulating tobacco production and use in the country.

1. The Pakistan Tobacco Board Act, 1968: This law establishes the Pakistan Tobacco Board, which regulates the production and marketing of tobacco in the country.

2. The Federal Excise Act, 2005: This law imposes excise duties on tobacco products.

3. The Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-Smokers Health Ordinance, 2002: This law prohibits smoking in public places and regulates the sale and marketing of tobacco products.

4. The Tobacco Control Cell: The government has established a Tobacco Control Cell to implement and monitor tobacco control policies and programs.

Despite these regulations, tobacco use is still a significant public health issue in Pakistan. The government has recently increased taxes on tobacco products and implemented graphic health warnings on cigarette packs to discourage tobacco use.

Anti-terrorism laws in Pakistan

Pakistan has several anti-terrorism laws in place to combat terrorism and extremist violence. Some of the key laws include:

1. Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA) 1997: This law provides the legal framework for combating terrorism in Pakistan. It defines terrorism and outlines the procedures for investigation, prosecution, and punishment of terrorist activities.

2. Protection of Pakistan Act (PPA) 2014: This law was enacted to provide special powers to law enforcement agencies to combat terrorism and related crimes. It allows for preventive detention, surveillance, and enhanced punishments for convicted terrorists.

3. National Counter Terrorism Authority (NACTA) Act 2013: This law established NACTA as the lead agency for counter-terrorism coordination and cooperation among various law enforcement agencies in Pakistan.

4. Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA) 2010: This law aims to prevent money laundering and financing of terrorism in Pakistan. It requires financial institutions to maintain records of transactions and report any suspicious activities to the authorities.

5. Explosives Act 1884: This law regulates the sale, possession, and use of explosives in Pakistan. It aims to prevent terrorists from acquiring explosives for their activities.

Anti-money laundering laws in Pakistan

Pakistan has implemented several laws and regulations to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. These include:

1. Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2010 (AMLA): This act provides a comprehensive legal framework for combating money laundering and terrorist financing in Pakistan. It also establishes the Financial Monitoring Unit (FMU), which is responsible for receiving, analyzing, and disseminating financial intelligence.

2. Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997 (ATA): This act provides the legal framework for combating terrorism in Pakistan. It also includes provisions for freezing terrorist assets and prosecuting individuals involved in terrorist financing.

3. Foreign Exchange Regulations Act, 1947 (FERA): This act regulates foreign exchange transactions in Pakistan. It includes provisions for reporting suspicious transactions and regulating cross-border fund transfers.

4. Know Your Customer (KYC) Guidelines: The State Bank of Pakistan has issued KYC guidelines for banks and other financial institutions to identify and verify the identity of their customers. These guidelines require banks to collect and maintain customer information, including identity documents and transaction records.

5. United Nations Security Council Resolutions: Pakistan has implemented several UN Security Council Resolutions related to terrorism financing, including Resolution 1267, which imposes sanctions on individuals and entities associated with Al-Qaeda, and Resolution 1373, which requires countries to take measures to prevent terrorist financing. Overall, Pakistan has taken significant steps to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, but there is still a need for greater awareness and enforcement of these laws and regulations.

Quality Assurance Laws in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the Quality Assurance laws are primarily governed by the following regulations:

1. Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority Act 1996: This act established the Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) to promote and enforce quality standards in all sectors of the economy.

2. Drugs Act 1976: This act regulates the quality, safety, and efficacy of drugs and medicines in Pakistan. 3. Pakistan Engineering Council Act 1976: This act establishes the Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) to regulate the engineering profession in Pakistan and ensure the quality of engineering services.

4. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997: This act regulates the environmental impact of industrial and commercial activities and ensures compliance with quality standards.

5. Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act 1996: This act regulates the quality of telecommunication services in Pakistan.

6. Pakistan Agriculture Quality Control Act 1978: This act regulates the quality of agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides.

7. Pakistan Standards and Quality Control (Import and Export) Rules 2005: These rules regulate the import and export of goods to ensure compliance with quality standards.

The above-mentioned laws and regulations aim to ensure the quality of products and services in Pakistan and protect consumers from substandard and counterfeit products.

Abandoned Properties Laws in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the laws related to abandoned properties are governed by the Transfer of Property Act 1882. According to the act, if a property is abandoned by the owner or is left unoccupied for a certain period of time, it can be declared as an ownerless property or a “Bene Vacantia” property. The government has the power to take possession of such properties and can put them up for auction or use them for public purposes. However, before taking possession of the property, the government must make reasonable efforts to locate the owner of the property and provide him with an opportunity to claim the property. In addition, if someone occupies an abandoned property without the owner’s permission, it can be considered as an illegal occupation under the law. The owner of the property has the right to take legal action against the illegal occupant and can get the property vacated with the help of the court. It is important to note that abandoned properties can be a breeding ground for criminal activities and can also become a safety hazard. Therefore, it is important for the government to take necessary actions to secure and manage abandoned properties.

Abandoned Properties Laws in Pakistan

Here are some of the main laws related to abandoned properties in Pakistan:

1. Transfer of Property Act 1882: The act defines the legal framework for the transfer of property rights, including abandoned properties.

2. Land Acquisition Act 1894: The act empowers the government to acquire land, including abandoned properties, for public purposes.

3. The Administration of Evacuee Property Act 1950: The act provides for the administration of abandoned properties of non-Muslims who migrated to India after the partition of the subcontinent.

4. The Displaced Persons (Compensation and Rehabilitation) Act 1958: The act provides for the rehabilitation and compensation of displaced persons, including the allocation of abandoned properties. 5. The Urban Immovable Property Tax Act 1958: The act provides for the assessment and collection of taxes on urban immovable properties, including abandoned properties.

6. The Cantonments Act 1924: The act provides for the administration and management of cantonments, including the acquisition and management of abandoned properties. 7. The Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act 1971: The act provides for the eviction of unauthorised occupants from public premises, including abandoned properties.

Housing Scheme laws in Pakistan

The following are some of the important laws regarding Housing Schemes in Pakistan:

1. Punjab Private Housing Schemes and Land Subdivision Rules 2010: These rules provide a legal framework for the development of private housing schemes in the Province of Punjab. The rules set out the requirements for approval of a housing scheme, including the submission of a layout plan, environmental impact assessment report, and other relevant documents. The rules also provide for the regulation of the sale and transfer of plots in the housing schemes.

2. Sindh Private Housing Scheme and Land Subdivision Rules 2010: The Sindh Private Housing Scheme and Land Subdivision Rules 2010 provide a legal framework for the development of private housing schemes in the Province of Sindh. The rules set out the requirements for approval of a housing scheme, including the submission of a layout plan, environmental impact assessment report, and other relevant documents. The rules also provide for the regulation of the sale and transfer of plots in the housing schemes.

3. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Private Housing Schemes Rules 2014: The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Private Housing Schemes Rules 2014 provide a legal framework for the development of private housing schemes in the Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The rules set out the requirements for approval of a housing scheme, including the submission of a layout plan, environmental impact assessment report, and other relevant documents. The rules also provide for the regulation of the sale and transfer of plots in the housing schemes.

4. Balochistan Private Housing Schemes Rules 2014: The Balochistan Private Housing Schemes Rules 2014 provide a legal framework for the development of private housing schemes in the Province of Balochistan. The rules set out the requirements for approval of a housing scheme, including the submission of a layout plan, environmental impact assessment report, and other relevant documents. The rules also provide for the regulation of the sale and transfer of plots in the housing schemes.

5. Cooperative Societies Act 1925: The Cooperative Societies Act 1925 provides a legal framework for the formation and functioning of cooperative housing societies in Pakistan. The act sets out the requirements for registration of a cooperative society, including the submission of a constitution, bylaws, and other relevant documents. The act also provides for the regulation of the sale and transfer of plots in cooperative housing societies.

Law of Evidence in Pakistan

The law of evidence in Pakistan is governed primarily by the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 (QSO), which is a comprehensive law that lays down rules and principles for the admissibility, relevance, and weight of evidence in legal proceedings. The QSO applies to all civil and criminal cases in Pakistan. Under the QSO, evidence can be classified into two categories: oral and documentary. Oral evidence includes witness statements, while documentary evidence includes written documents and other physical evidence. The QSO also specifies the different types of evidence that are admissible in court, such as direct and circumstantial evidence. Direct evidence refers to evidence that directly proves a fact in issue, while circumstantial evidence refers to evidence that indirectly proves a fact by inference. Additionally, the QSO lays down rules for the examination of witnesses, including the competency of witnesses, the examination-in-chief, cross-examination, and re-examination. In criminal cases, the QSO also contains provisions regarding the burden of proof and the presumption of innocence. The burden of proof lies on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt. Overall, the QSO plays a crucial role in ensuring that evidence is presented and evaluated in a fair and just manner in legal proceedings in Pakistan.

While the primary law related to evidence law in Pakistan is the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 (QSO), there are other laws as well that cover certain aspects of evidence law in Pakistan. Some of these laws are:

1. The Pakistan Penal Code, 1860: This law covers the admissibility and weight of evidence in criminal cases.

2. The Criminal Procedure Code, 1898: This law lays down rules for the examination of witnesses and the admissibility of evidence in criminal cases.

3. The Civil Procedure Code, 1908: This law lays down rules for the admissibility and weight of evidence in civil cases.

4. The Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997: This law lays down rules for the admissibility of evidence in cases related to terrorism.

5. The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2002: This law amended the Criminal Procedure Code, 1898, and introduced new rules for the admissibility of electronic evidence.

6. The Electronic Transactions Ordinance, 2002: This law covers the admissibility and weight of electronic evidence in legal proceedings.

7. The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016: This law lays down rules for the admissibility of electronic evidence in cases related to cybercrimes. These are some of the laws related to evidence law in Pakistan.

Law of Rents and Tenancies in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the law of rents and tenancies is governed by the Rent Restriction Act, 1960. The Act applies to all types of tenancies, including residential, commercial, and industrial properties. Under the Act, a landlord cannot evict a tenant without a valid reason. The reasons for eviction may include non-payment of rent, subletting of the property without the landlord’s permission, or breach of any of the terms of the tenancy agreement. The Act also provides for the determination of fair rent for a property. The fair rent is determined by the Rent Controller, who takes into account various factors such as the location, condition, and amenities of the property. Tenants are also protected under the Act, as they cannot be charged more than the fair rent for the property. Furthermore, landlords are required to provide basic amenities such as water, electricity, and sanitation facilities to their tenants. In case of any disputes between a landlord and a tenant, both parties can approach the Rent Controller for resolution. The Rent Controller has the power to hear and decide on disputes related to rent, eviction, and other tenancy-related matters. Overall, the Rent Restriction Act, 1960 provides a comprehensive framework for the regulation of rents and tenancies in Pakistan, with the aim of protecting the interests of both landlords and tenants.

Below is a list of all the laws regarding rents and tenancies in Pakistan.These laws provide a framework for regulating rents and tenancies in different regions of Pakistan and aim to protect the rights of both landlords and tenants.

1. The Rent Restriction Act, 1960

2. The Punjab Rented Premises Act, 2009

3. The Sindh Rented Premises Ordinance, 1979

4. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rented Premises (Control) Ordinance, 1979

5. The Balochistan Rented Premises (Control) Act, 2009

6. The Islamabad Rent Restriction Ordinance, 2001

Law on the Rights of Minorities in Pakistan

The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees equal rights to all citizens regardless of their religion, caste, or ethnicity. Additionally, Pakistan has several laws that specifically protect the rights of minorities. The Protection of Minorities Act was passed in 2013, which provides protection to minorities against discrimination, hate speech, and violence. The act also establishes a National Commission for Minorities to address complaints of discrimination and violence against minorities. The Hindu Marriage Act was passed in 2017, which allows Hindus to register their marriages and divorce in Pakistan. This act also allows for the legal protection of Hindu women in marriage and divorce cases. The Christian Marriage Act was passed in 1872 and is still in effect. This act allows Christians to register their marriages and divorce in Pakistan and has provisions for the legal protection of Christian women in marriage and divorce cases. The Sikh Gurdwaras Act was passed in 1925, which provides for the management and control of Sikh religious places, including Gurdwaras.

Import Laws and Policy of Pakistan

Pakistan has several laws and policies related to imports, some of which are: 1. Import Policy Order: The Import Policy Order is issued annually by the Ministry of Commerce and outlines the government’s policy on imports. It includes guidelines for the import of goods, including restrictions on imports of certain items. 2. Tariff Policy: Pakistan has a tariff system for imports, which is based on the Harmonized System (HS) of tariff classification. The tariff rates vary depending on the nature of the goods being imported. 3. Import of Used Machinery: Pakistan has specific rules and regulations for the import of used machinery. Importers must obtain a certificate of inspection from a designated agency before importing any used machinery. 4. Import of Agricultural Products: Pakistan has specific regulations for the import of agricultural products, including seeds, grains, and other produce. Importers must obtain a phytosanitary certificate from the country of origin. 5. Import of Pharmaceuticals: Pakistan has strict regulations for the import of pharmaceuticals, including requirements for registration and approval by the Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP). 6. Import of Vehicles: Pakistan has specific rules and regulations for the import of vehicles, including requirements for registration and compliance with safety and environmental standards. 7. Import of Hazardous Materials: Pakistan has regulations for the import of hazardous materials, including requirements for labeling, packaging, and handling. Importers in Pakistan must comply with all relevant laws and regulations related to imports. Failure to do so can result in fines, penalties, and even criminal charges.

Import laws and policies of Pakistan

Below are the main laws and policies related to imports in Pakistan:

1. Import Policy Order (IPO): The IPO is issued annually by the Ministry of Commerce and outlines the government’s policy on imports. It includes guidelines for the import of goods, including restrictions on imports of certain items.

2. Tariff Policy: Pakistan has a tariff system for imports, which is based on the Harmonized System (HS) of tariff classification. The tariff rates vary depending on the nature of the goods being imported.

3. Import of Used Machinery: Pakistan has specific rules and regulations for the import of used machinery. Importers must obtain a certificate of inspection from a designated agency before importing any used machinery.

4. Import of Agricultural Products: Pakistan has specific regulations for the import of agricultural products, including seeds, grains, and other produce. Importers must obtain a phytosanitary certificate from the country of origin.

5. Import of Pharmaceuticals: Pakistan has strict regulations for the import of pharmaceuticals, including requirements for registration and approval by the Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP).

6. Import of Vehicles: Pakistan has specific rules and regulations for the import of vehicles, including requirements for registration and compliance with safety and environmental standards.

7. Import of Hazardous Materials: Pakistan has regulations for the import of hazardous materials, including requirements for labeling, packaging, and handling.

8. Import of Textiles: Pakistan has specific regulations for the import of textiles, including requirements for quality standards and labeling.

9. Import of Electronic Goods: Pakistan has specific regulations for the import of electronic goods, including requirements for safety and certification.

10. Import of Pets: Pakistan has regulations for the import of pets, including requirements for vaccination and health certificates.

11. Import of Cosmetics: Pakistan has regulations for the import of cosmetics, including requirements for registration and labeling. Importers in Pakistan must comply with all relevant laws and regulations related to imports. Failure to do so can result in fines, penalties, and even criminal charges.

Export Laws and Policies in Pakistan

Pakistan has several export laws and policies, which are designed to regulate and promote the country’s exports. Some of the key laws and policies include:

1. The Export Policy Order, which outlines the procedures and regulations for exporting goods from Pakistan. The policy covers a wide range of products, including textiles, leather goods, food items, and chemicals.

2. The Foreign Exchange Regulations Act, which governs the transfer of foreign currency in and out of Pakistan. This act requires all exporters to submit their export earnings to the State Bank of Pakistan within 60 days of receiving payment.

3. The Import and Export Control Act, which regulates the import and export of goods in Pakistan. This act allows the government to restrict or prohibit the import or export of certain products for national security or economic reasons.

4. The Trade Policy, which outlines the government’s strategy for promoting and regulating trade in Pakistan. This policy includes measures to reduce trade barriers, encourage exports, and attract foreign investment.

5. The National Tariff Policy, which sets the tariffs for different categories of goods imported into Pakistan. The policy is designed to protect domestic industries and promote exports.

Law of Narcotics in Pakistan

The Narcotics Control Act of 1997 is the main law that governs narcotics in Pakistan. It criminalizes the production, trafficking, and possession of drugs including opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine, cannabis, and their derivatives. The penalty for drug offenses can include imprisonment, fines, and even the death penalty in certain cases. Pakistan has strict drug laws, and the government has established several agencies to combat drug trafficking and abuse. These agencies include the Anti-Narcotics Force (ANF), which is responsible for enforcing drug laws and controlling drug trafficking in the country. The ANF works with international organizations such as the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to coordinate efforts to combat drug trafficking and abuse.

Some of the main laws relating to narcotics in Pakistan are:

1. The Narcotics Control Act, 1997: This is the main law that governs narcotics in Pakistan. It criminalizes the production, trafficking, and possession of drugs including opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine, cannabis, and their derivatives.

2. The Control of Narcotics Substances Act, 1997: This law provides for the control of narcotic substances in Pakistan and the prevention of their misuse.

3. The Prevention of Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1993: This law provides for the prevention of trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

4. The Opium Act, 1857: This law regulates the cultivation, manufacture, and sale of opium in Pakistan.

5. The Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930: This law provides for the control of dangerous drugs in Pakistan.

6. The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898: This law sets out the procedure for the trial of drug offenses in Pakistan.

7. The Pakistan Penal Code, 1860: This law provides for the punishment of drug offenses in Pakistan.

Marriage Laws in Pakistan

In Pakistan, marriage laws are governed by the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961, the West Pakistan Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act 1962, and the Hindu Marriage Act 2017. Under these laws, a Muslim man can marry up to four wives but must obtain permission from the Arbitration Council and treat all wives equally. A Muslim woman can only marry one man at a time. Non-Muslims can only marry one person at a time. Both parties must be of legal age, which is 18 years for males and 16 years for females. However, the age of marriage can be lower with the permission of the parents or guardians and the court. The marriage contract must be registered with the local government office within 15 days of the marriage. A Nikahnama (marriage certificate) is issued, which includes the details of the bride and groom, their witnesses, and the terms of the marriage. In case of divorce, the husband can divorce his wife by pronouncing the word “Talaq” three times. However, this practice has been criticized and efforts are being made to reform the law to protect women’s rights. Women also have the right to initiate divorce through Khula under certain conditions.

The following are the laws related to the registration and process of marriage in Pakistan:

1. Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961: This law governs the registration of Muslim marriages and sets out the requirements for the registration of a Muslim marriage.

2. West Pakistan Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act 1962: This law applies the principles of Islamic law to Muslims in Pakistan and regulates Muslim personal matters, including marriage.

3. Hindu Marriage Act 2017: This law governs the registration of Hindu marriages in Pakistan and sets out the requirements for the registration of a Hindu marriage.

4. Christian Marriage Act 1872: This law governs the registration of Christian marriages in Pakistan and sets out the requirements for the registration of a Christian marriage.

5. Special Marriage Act 1872: This law allows people of different religions or nationalities to marry and register their marriage in Pakistan.

6. Nikahnama: A Nikahnama is a legal document that records the details of the marriage contract, including the names of the bride and groom, their witnesses, and the terms of the marriage.

7. Marriage Registration Form: This form is used to apply for the registration of a marriage in Pakistan and requires details about the bride and groom, their witnesses, and the date and place of the marriage.

8. Family Registration Certificate (FRC): An FRC is a document issued by the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) that records the details of a person’s family members, including their spouse and children. It is required for various legal purposes, including travel, education, and employment.

laws relating to the registration and process of divorce in Pakistan:

1. The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961: This ordinance states that a husband can divorce his wife by pronouncing Talaq in front of witnesses or by writing a notification to the Union Council. The wife can also initiate divorce through Khula.

2. The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939: This act outlines the grounds for a woman to obtain a divorce, including cruelty, desertion, impotence, and insanity. The act also provides for the appointment of an arbitrator to facilitate reconciliation between the parties.

3. The West Pakistan Family Courts Act, 1964: This act established family courts to deal with matters related to divorce, custody, maintenance, and guardianship.

4. The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929: This act prohibits the marriage of children below the age of 16 for girls and 18 for boys. It also provides for punishment for those who facilitate child marriages.

5. The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937: This act applies the principles of Islamic law to Muslims in matters related to marriage, divorce, and inheritance.

6. The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890: This act outlines the rules for the appointment of guardians for minors and their property.

7. The Pakistan Penal Code, 1860: This code provides for punishment for crimes related to domestic violence and harassment. These are the main laws governing divorce and related matters in Pakistan.

List all laws relating to the registration and process of Divorce in Pakistan

Here are the laws relating to the registration and process of divorce in Pakistan: 1. The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961: This ordinance states that a husband can divorce his wife by pronouncing Talaq in front of witnesses or by writing a notification to the Union Council. The wife can also initiate divorce through Khula. 2. The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939: This act outlines the grounds for a woman to obtain a divorce, including cruelty, desertion, impotence, and insanity. The act also provides for the appointment of an arbitrator to facilitate reconciliation between the parties. 3. The West Pakistan Family Courts Act, 1964: This act established family courts to deal with matters related to divorce, custody, maintenance, and guardianship. 4. The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929: This act prohibits the marriage of children below the age of 16 for girls and 18 for boys. It also provides for punishment for those who facilitate child marriages. 5. The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937: This act applies the principles of Islamic law to Muslims in matters related to marriage, divorce, and inheritance. 6. The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890: This act outlines the rules for the appointment of guardians for minors and their property. 7. The Pakistan Penal Code, 1860: This code provides for punishment for crimes related to domestic violence and harassment. These are the main laws governing divorce and related matters in Pakistan.

List all laws relating to the registration and process of divorce in Pakistan

Here are the laws relating to the registration and process of divorce in Pakistan: 1. The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961: This ordinance lays down the rules for the registration of marriages and divorces in Pakistan. It provides for the husband to pronounce Talaq in front of witnesses or to write a notification to the Union Council for divorce. The wife can also initiate divorce through Khula under certain conditions. 2. The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939: This act outlines the grounds on which a woman can obtain a divorce in Pakistan. These include cruelty, desertion, impotence, and insanity. 3. The West Pakistan Family Courts Act, 1964: This act established family courts in Pakistan to deal with matters related to divorce, custody, maintenance, and guardianship. 4. The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929: This act prohibits the marriage of children below the age of 16 for girls and 18 for boys. It also provides for punishment for those who facilitate child marriages. 5. The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937: This act applies the principles of Islamic law to Muslims in matters related to marriage, divorce, and inheritance. 6. The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890: This act outlines the rules for the appointment of guardians for minors and their property. 7. The Pakistan Penal Code, 1860: This code provides for punishment for crimes related to domestic violence and harassment. These are the main laws governing divorce and related matters in Pakistan.

Laws relating to the registration and process of divorce in Pakistan for non-muslims

For non-Muslims in Pakistan, the following laws govern the registration and process of divorce:

1. The Christian Divorce Act, 1869: This act provides for the dissolution of Christian marriages in Pakistan and outlines the grounds on which a Christian can obtain a divorce. These include adultery, desertion, cruelty, and conversion to another religion.

2. The Indian Divorce Act, 1869: This act applies to Parsis, Hindus, and Buddhists in Pakistan and provides for the dissolution of their marriages. It also outlines the grounds for divorce, which include adultery, cruelty, conversion to another religion, and incurable insanity.

3. The Special Marriage Act, 1954: This act applies to couples of any religion in Pakistan who wish to marry or divorce under civil law. It provides for the registration of marriages and divorces and outlines the grounds on which a divorce can be obtained.

4. The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890: This act outlines the rules for the appointment of guardians for minors and their property.

5. The Pakistan Penal Code, 1860: This code provides for punishment for crimes related to domestic violence and harassment. These are the main laws governing divorce for non-Muslims in Pakistan. However, it should be noted that these laws can vary depending on the specific religious and cultural practices of the community involved.

Child Custody Laws in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the custody of a child is governed by the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890. This act applies to all religions and governs the custody of minors. According to the Guardians and Wards Act, the following are the key provisions related to child custody:

1. The welfare of the child is of paramount importance, and the court will consider all factors while determining the custody of the child.

2. The father is considered the natural guardian of the child, but the mother can also be appointed as the guardian in certain circumstances.

3. The court can appoint a guardian other than the parents if it deems it necessary for the welfare of the child.

4. The mother has the right of custody of a child under seven years of age.

5. The father has the right of custody of a child over seven years of age.

6. Parents who are divorced or separated can seek custody of their children through the court.

7. The court can modify or revoke a custody order if it deems it necessary for the welfare of the child.

Below is a List of All Laws of Pakistan in Alphabetical Order.You can access these via the Official Pakistan Code Website by clicking on them.

Abandoned Properties (Management) Act, 1975

Abolition of the Discretionary Quotas in Housing Schemes Act, 2013

Abolition of the Punishment of Whipping Act, 1996

Access to the Media (Deaf) Persons Act, 2022