Starlink comes to Pakistan

Update July 2025: Legal and Regulatory Status of Starlink in Pakistan as of July 2025

By Barrister Aemen Zulfikar Maluka

Josh and Mak International

This memorandum provides a structured update on the legal and regulatory status of Starlink’s entry into the Pakistani market, with reference to developments post-2021 when Starlink Internet Services Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. was first registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP).

1. Regulatory Milestones and Status (2021–2025)

• SECP Incorporation
  Starlink Internet Services Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. was incorporated in June 2021 under the Companies Act, 2017, indicating commercial intent and basic compliance with Pakistani corporate registration requirements. This remains the foundational step for any foreign entity intending to operate legally in the country.

• Provisional Clearances by PSARB and PTA
  In early 2025, Starlink received a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), contingent on prior clearance by the Pakistan Space Activities Regulatory Board (PSARB). The PSARB, formed under the 2023 National Space Policy, provisionally allowed Starlink to proceed with demonstration activities and pre-operational testing, subject to adherence with technical, spectrum, and national security regulations.

• Pending Permanent Licensing
  As of July 2025, Starlink has not yet secured a permanent operating licence from the PTA. The PTA has publicly stated that the licence shall only be issued once Starlink fulfils the conditions laid out in PSARB’s provisional registration and secures final clearance from the Ministry of Interior. This includes scrutiny under the National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP), satellite coordination protocols, and data routing frameworks.

2. Legal and Procedural Framework

• Applicable Legislation
  The legal regime relevant to Starlink’s operation comprises the Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act, 1996; the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Ordinance (where applicable in dual-use or content-driven services); and the Rules framed under the National Space Policy and its associated guidelines issued by PSARB in 2023.

• Multi-Tier Licensing Approach
  Starlink is required to obtain three essential clearances:
  a. Corporate existence (SECP registration under the Companies Act, 2017).
  b. Technical authorisation and spectrum alignment (PSARB).
  c. Commercial operating licence (PTA) post security vetting and infrastructure integration.

• Interior Ministry Vetting
  Security clearance remains the principal bottleneck. The Interior Ministry, in consultation with intelligence agencies, is currently vetting the implications of encrypted and globally routed internet traffic, especially in border regions and areas affected by terrorism or insurgency. Concerns include bypassing of local firewalls, content regulation, and potential use by unlicensed actors.

3. Strategic Considerations and Risk Factors

• Spectrum Interference Risk
  The PSARB has flagged possible interference with Pakistan’s satellite communication infrastructure. Coordination under the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is required before assigning local spectrum bands. Any interference complaints or satellite orbital overlaps would necessitate realignment or revocation of provisional rights.

• Content Regulation and Data Sovereignty
  Starlink’s non-reliance on terrestrial infrastructure presents novel legal questions about enforcement of PECA 2016 (Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act), data localisation obligations, and emergency service disconnection protocols. This is especially pertinent given that terrestrial ISPs are bound to comply with PTA’s Internet Monitoring System (IMS).

• Pricing and Competition Law Implications
  Anticipated residential pricing (upwards of PKR 35,000/month) has drawn scrutiny under the Competition Act, 2010. The Competition Commission of Pakistan (CCP) may initiate reviews if dominant pricing structures affect market fairness vis-à-vis local ISPs or if Starlink engages in vertical integration or bundling with local vendors.

4. Timeline and Forecast

5. Legal Outlook

Starlink’s full-scale entry remains dependent on successful navigation of Pakistan’s national security framework and its newly formalised space activity laws. While political backing is evident, with the Prime Minister and IT Minister both publicly supporting the project, the institutional architecture—especially the regulatory tightrope between innovation and sovereignty—has introduced friction that is unlikely to resolve before late 2025.

The PTA is expected to announce a final decision within the last quarter of 2025. Until then, any promotional or commercial activity by Starlink in Pakistan remains legally non-operational, notwithstanding its global presence.

Josh and Mak International will continue to monitor and advise on the interplay between space law, internet regulation, and foreign commercial entities seeking presence in Pakistan.

For PAID LEGAL CONSULTATION on satellite services regulation, data localisation compliance, or SECP–PTA interfacing, please contact us through our legal portal or directly at aemen@joshandmak.com

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Update : January 2025 

The prospective introduction of Starlink, Elon Musk’s satellite internet venture, into Pakistan has recently encountered multifaceted legal and regulatory developments. In January 2025, Starlink Internet Services (Private) Limited secured registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP), marking a formal step towards establishing its presence in the country. Subsequently, the company applied for Long Distance & International (LDI) and Local Loop (LL) licences from the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), prerequisites for initiating operations within Pakistan’s regulatory framework. 

However, the progression of these applications is contingent upon obtaining security clearance from the relevant authorities. The PTA has indicated that Starlink’s services will remain unavailable in Pakistan until this clearance is granted, a process anticipated to conclude within a month. 

Concurrently, the Senate Standing Committee on Information Technology has expressed apprehension regarding recent statements by Elon Musk, perceived as perpetuating negative stereotypes about Pakistan. Senator Palwasha Khan highlighted concerns over Musk’s remarks on social media, suggesting they align with narratives detrimental to Pakistan’s image. In response, Senator Afnanullah Khan proposed that the issuance of operational licences to Starlink should be conditional upon a public apology from Musk for his contentious statements. 

How affordable is Starlink going to be for the average Pakistani?

The anticipated pricing structure for Starlink’s internet services in Pakistan suggests a significant financial burden for the average Pakistani consumer. Reports indicate that the residential package may offer speeds between 50 to 250 Mbps at a monthly subscription cost of approximately PKR 35,000, accompanied by a one-time hardware fee of PKR 110,000. This implies that the monthly subscription alone would constitute nearly half of the median monthly income, excluding the substantial initial hardware investment.

Given these figures, Starlink’s services appear to be priced beyond the reach of the average Pakistani household. The high costs may limit accessibility primarily to affluent individuals or businesses, potentially exacerbating existing digital divides. For widespread adoption, it would be prudent for Starlink to consider more affordable pricing models or tailored packages that align with the economic realities of the broader Pakistani populace.

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Original Article from 2024 Follows Below:

Starlink’s operations in Pakistan face significant regulatory challenges despite the recent granting of a license by the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA). Although the license marks a step forward, several hurdles remain.

Firstly, security clearance is still pending, which is essential before full operations can begin. Concerns from various government bodies, including the Ministry of IT and Telecommunication, relate to technical and regulatory compliance. Issues include interference with geostationary satellites and the complexities surrounding the operation of low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites—a technology Starlink uses extensively. These challenges need to be resolved before full approval​.

Additionally, while Starlink has applied for a Long-Distance and International (LDI) license, it must also ensure that its commercial agreements, especially with SUPARCO, are in compliance with Pakistan’s recently updated National Space Policy. This regulatory framework, including the Pakistan Space Rules introduced in 2024, governs the use of satellite technologies in Pakistan, and Starlink must navigate these new regulations​.

In summary, although progress is being made, Starlink still faces legal complexities related to national security, spectrum management, and compliance with Pakistan’s evolving space and telecommunication laws. Further negotiations and technical adjustments are expected before the service becomes fully operational in the country.

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Starlink has officially registered in Pakistan, and the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) has granted the company a license to operate. However, the final step pending is the security clearance, after which Starlink can begin operations in the country. The satellite internet service is anticipated to launch within a year, bringing significant improvements to internet connectivity, especially in underserved rural areas. Starlink’s satellite technology is expected to help bridge the digital divide and provide faster, more reliable internet compared to traditional broadband services, which are limited in many parts of Pakistan.

For Starlink’s operations to proceed, it will need to enter a commercial agreement with the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), and this agreement must also be ratified by the PTA. Given its potential to transform Pakistan’s internet landscape, particularly by connecting remote regions, Starlink’s entry is seen as a major step forward for the country’s digital infrastructure.

In terms of regulatory and legal frameworks, existing telecommunication laws may need to be expanded to specifically address satellite-based internet services. Key areas that may require regulatory oversight include spectrum allocation, data privacy, and cybersecurity measures. Moreover, laws regarding taxation, consumer protection, and environmental considerations for satellite operations will likely need refinement to adapt to the unique nature of Starlink’s satellite internet services in Pakistan.

The government’s current focus on improving digital connectivity and its recent steps to engage with Starlink signal a positive outlook for the launch of the service in the near future.

Original Article continues below:

Starlink, Elon Musk’s satellite internet company, is set to officially enter the Pakistani market soon. The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) has decided to grant a license to Starlink to operate its high-speed satellite internet services in the country. The decision has been finalised in principle, with only the security clearance process pending. Once this is completed, Starlink will be officially licensed to provide its services in Pakistan.

Starlink will also need to enter a commercial agreement with Pakistan’s Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (Suparco), which will be subject to PTA’s approval. The service is expected to launch within the next year, bringing significant improvements to internet connectivity, especially in rural and remote areas where traditional broadband services are currently inadequate or unavailable. The entry of Starlink into the Pakistani market is anticipated to help bridge the digital divide, offering reliable high-speed internet that could greatly benefit various sectors, including education, business, and overall economic development.

What will be the legal implications for Starlink’s operations in Pakistan and what new laws will be needed for its regulation ?

The entry of Starlink into Pakistan’s market introduces several legal and regulatory considerations that need to be addressed for smooth operations. Some of the key legal implications and the potential need for new laws or regulations are as follows:

1. Licensing and Regulatory Framework: The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) will be responsible for issuing a license to Starlink. However, beyond the license, there will need to be specific regulations governing satellite-based internet services, which differ from traditional broadband providers. This may require PTA to either amend existing telecommunication regulations or introduce new rules specifically for satellite internet providers. Starlink will also need to enter a commercial agreement with SUPARCO (Pakistan’s Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission), which indicates that the space sector’s regulatory role may need to be expanded to include internet services.
2. Data Privacy and Security: Starlink’s operations raise concerns about data security, especially given that its parent company, SpaceX, is a foreign entity. Pakistan’s data protection laws, including the forthcoming Personal Data Protection Bill (PDPB) 2023, may need to be evaluated or strengthened to ensure that sensitive data transmitted via satellite remains secure and under Pakistani jurisdiction. Specific guidelines may be required to address cross-border data transfers through satellite networks.
3. Spectrum Allocation and Interference: Satellite communication requires a unique spectrum for operations. Therefore, Pakistan’s laws concerning the allocation of satellite spectrum may need revision. The PTA and the Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) will likely need to collaborate to ensure that the frequencies used by Starlink do not interfere with existing services. This could prompt new regulations on the allocation, pricing, and sharing of satellite spectrum.
4. Cybersecurity and National Security: Given the potential for satellite internet to bypass traditional infrastructure, Starlink’s presence in Pakistan could raise concerns for national security and cybersecurity. Laws concerning surveillance and monitoring of satellite communications may need to be implemented to safeguard against external threats. Additionally, obtaining clearance from security agencies may become mandatory for Starlink’s foreign-operated systems.
5. Taxation and Licensing Fees: Starlink will also be subject to the taxation laws of Pakistan. The Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, and other relevant fiscal laws will need to be clarified in terms of how satellite internet providers, especially foreign ones, will be taxed. This could involve a re-examination of tax exemptions, foreign remittances, and investment laws concerning foreign tech companies operating in Pakistan.
6. Consumer Protection and Quality of Service: With Starlink providing internet directly to consumers via satellite, the PTA may need to introduce consumer protection regulations to ensure fair pricing, quality of service, and dispute resolution mechanisms. These could include minimum service standards and compensation frameworks in case of outages or service disruptions.
7. Environmental and Spatial Regulations: Starlink’s operations involve satellite deployment in low-earth orbit, and the environmental impact of space activities is becoming a global concern. Pakistan might need to work with international bodies to ensure that Starlink complies with international space laws and environmental regulations. New laws could emerge to regulate the environmental footprint of satellite launches and space debris management .

In conclusion, while existing telecommunication laws may provide a foundation for regulating Starlink, the unique nature of satellite internet services may necessitate the drafting of new laws, amendments to the PTA Act, and more specific regulations that address issues such as spectrum allocation, data security, and consumer protection. These legal frameworks will ensure that Starlink’s operations comply with national interests and support Pakistan’s digital growth.

What legal challenges await Starlink in its operations?

The introduction of Starlink in Pakistan could encounter several legal challenges in its operations, which stem from regulatory, national security, and infrastructural concerns:

1. Spectrum Allocation and Regulation: One of the primary legal hurdles for Starlink in Pakistan involves the allocation of spectrum for satellite internet. The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) and the Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) must regulate the frequencies that Starlink will use to ensure there is no interference with existing communication services. The legal framework around spectrum usage may need to be updated to accommodate satellite technology and avoid any overlap or interference with national broadcasters and defence frequencies.
2. Data Privacy and Security Concerns: Given that Starlink will provide satellite-based internet services from a foreign company, data privacy laws in Pakistan, particularly the Personal Data Protection Bill (PDPB) 2023, will need to ensure that local data is protected. The foreign control of the satellite system introduces questions of jurisdiction over data and potential vulnerabilities to international surveillance. Pakistani authorities may require comprehensive data sharing and security arrangements with Starlink to mitigate these risks.
3. National Security Clearances: Since Starlink is a foreign company providing critical internet infrastructure, its operations will be subject to security clearance from Pakistani authorities. This could involve strict regulations regarding encryption, data storage, and monitoring for national security purposes. The need for ongoing coordination between Starlink, SUPARCO, and PTA adds another layer of regulatory oversight that could slow down its operations .
4. Commercial Agreements and Partnership with SUPARCO: To operate in Pakistan, Starlink must enter into a commercial agreement with SUPARCO (Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission). Any delays in finalising this agreement or disagreements over its terms—such as revenue-sharing models or operational control—could pose significant legal and commercial challenges .
5. Consumer Protection and Pricing Regulations: Starlink’s satellite internet services are expected to be costlier than traditional broadband. The PTA might need to impose consumer protection regulations to ensure that pricing is fair and that customers are protected from overcharging or unreliable service. New rules might be introduced to address customer grievances, quality of service issues, and contract enforcement, especially given the anticipated reliance on Starlink by underserved rural areas .
6. Compliance with Environmental and Space Laws: Starlink operates a large constellation of satellites, which raises environmental and space debris concerns. Pakistan may need to update its laws related to satellite launches and orbital usage to ensure compliance with international space laws and minimise the environmental impact of satellite deployments. SUPARCO’s regulatory role may also expand to include oversight of space debris management.

These legal challenges highlight the need for Pakistan to develop a comprehensive regulatory framework for satellite internet providers, balancing the benefits of improved connectivity with national security, data privacy, and fair market competition considerations.