THE
ANTIQUITIES ACT, 1968
No. XIV OF 1968
12th December, 1968
An Act to consolidate and amend the
law relating to the preservation and protection of antiquities.
WHEREAS it is expedient to consolidate and amend the law relating to the preservation and protection of antiquities;
AND WHEREAS the national interest of Pakistan in relation to the achievement of uniformity within the meaning of clause (2) of Article 131 of the Constitution requires Central legislation in the matter ;
It is hereby enacted as follows :—
1.— Short title, extent and commencement. (i) This Act may be called the Antiquities Act, 1968.
(2) It extends to the whole of Pakistan.
(3) It shall come into force at once.
2. Definitions. In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,—
(a) “ Advisory Committee “ means the Advisory Committee constituted under section 3 ;
(b) “ ancient “ means belonging or relating to any period prior to May, 1857 ;
(c) “ antiquity “ means—
(i) any ancient product of human activity, movable or immovable, illustrative of art, architecture, craft, custom, literature, morals, politics, religion, warfare, science or of any aspect of civilization or culture,
(ii) any ancient object or site of historical, ethnographical, anthropological, military or scientific interest, and
(iii) any other ancient object or class of such objects declared by the Central Government, by notifi-cation in the official Gazette, to be an antiquity for the purposes of this Act ;
(d) “dealer “ means a person engaged in the business of buying and selling antiquities ; and “deal in antiqui¬ties “ means to carry on such business ;
(e) “ Director” means the Director of Archaeology, Government of Pakistan, and includes an officer authorised by him to exercise or perform all or any of the powers or functions of the Director under this Act ;
(f) “ export” means taking out of Pakistan by land, sea or air
(g) “ immovable antiquity “ means an antiquity of any of the following descriptions, namely :—
(i) any archaeological deposits on land or under water,
(ii) any archaeological mound, tumulus, burial place or place of interment, or any ancient garden, structure, building, erection or other work of historical; archaeological, military or scientific interest,
(iii) any rock, cave or other natural object of historical, archaeological, artistic or scientific interest or containing sculpture, engraving, inscription or painting of such interest,
and includes—
(1) any gate, door, window, paneling dados, ceiling, inscription, wall-painting, wood work, iron work or sculpture or other thing which is attached or fastened to an immovable antiquity ;
(2) the remains of an immovable antiquity ;
(3) the site of an immovable antiquity ;
(4) such portions of land or water adjoining the site of an immovable antiquity as are reasonably required for fencing or covering or otherwise preserving such antiquity ;
(5) the reasonable means of access to, and convenient inspection of, an immovable antiquity ; and
(6) any urban site, street, group of buildings or public square of special value which the Central Govern¬ment, being of the opinion that its preservation is a matter of public interest by reason of its arrangement, architecture or materials of cons¬truction, by notification in the official Gazette, declares to be an immovable antiquity for the pur¬poses of this Act ;
(h) “ owner “ includes—
(i) any person legally competent to act on behalf of the owner when by reason of infancy or other disability the owner is unable to act ;
(ii) a joint owner invested with powers of management on behalf of himself and other joint owners and the successor in interest of such owner ; and
(iii) any manager or trustee exercising the powers of management and the successor in office of such manager or trustee ;
(i) “ protected antiquity” means an antiquity which is declared under section 10 to be a protected antiquity.
3. Advisory Committee. For the purposes of this Act, the Central Government shall constitute an Advisory Committee consisting of the following members, namely :—
(a) the Director, who shall also be its Chairman ;
(b) two members of the National Assembly of Pakistan, one being from each Province ; and
(c) three other persons having special knowledge of anti¬quities.
4. Dispute as to whether any product, etc., is an antiquity. If any question arises whether any product, object or site is an antiquity within the meaning of this Act, it shall be referred to the Central Government which shall, after consulta¬tion with the Advisory Committee, decide the same; and the decision of the Central Government shall be final.
Court Decisions
Recovery of Antiques –Offence under Section 156(1)(8) of Customs Act–Bail–Prayer for–Contention that what has been recovered are false antiques easily available in market and cannot be taken as antiques–Further contention that it is only Advisory Committee constituted under Section 3 of Antiquities Act, 1975 which is competent to decide as to whether any product is an antiquity or not–Prima facie, plain reading of report of National Museum Authorities, shows that these articles are invaluable antiques–It is for applicant to establish that actually these are false articles–Held: Prima facie seized articles being antiques, no case for bail is made out–Bail refused. PLJ 1994 Cr.C.(Karachi) 38
5. Custody, preservation, etc., of ownerless antiquity. Where the Director receives any information or otherwise has the knowledge of the discovery or existence of an antiquity of which there is no owner, he shall, after satisfying himself as to the correctness of the information or knowledge, take such steps as he may consider necessary for the custody, preservation and protection of the antiquity.
6.— Power of entry, inspection, etc. (1) The Director may, after giving reasonable notice, enter into, inspect and examine any premises, place or area which or the sub-soil of which he may have reason to believe to be or to contain an antiquity and may cause any site, building, object, or any antiquity or remains of any antiquity in such premises, place or area to be photographed, copied or reproduced by an;, process suitable for the purpose.
(2) The owner or occupier of the premises, place or area shall afford all reasonable opportunity and assistance to the Director for the purposes of sub-section (1).
(3) No photograph, copy or reproduction taken or made under or for the purposes of sub-section (1) shall be sold or offered for sale except by or with the consent of (he owner of the object of which the photograph, copy or reproduction has been taken or made.
(4) Where substantial damage is caused to any property as a result of the inspection under sub-section (1), the Director shall pay to the owner thereof reasonable compensation for the damage.
7. Acquisition of land containing antiquities. If the Central Government has reasonable grounds to believe that any land contains any antiquity, it may direct the Provincial Government to acquire such land or any part thereof and the Provincial Government shall thereupon acquire such, land or part under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, as for a public purpose.
8.— Purchase, taking lease, etc., of antiquity. (1) The Director may, with the previous sanction of the Central Government, purchase, or take lease or accept a gift or bequest of, any antiquity.
(2) The Director may receive voluntary contributions and donations for the acquisition, preservation or restoration of antiquities and may make suitable arrangements for the manage¬ment and application of the fund created by such contributions and donations :
Provided that when a contribution or donation has been made for any specified purpose, it shall not be applied (o any purpose other than that for which it has been made.
9.— Right of preemption in case of a sale of antiquity. (1) Where the Director receives any information or other¬wise has the knowledge that any antiquity or any immovable property containing an antiquity is offered for sale or is about to be sold, hs may, with the approval of the Central Government, exercise the right of preemption with respect to such antiquity or property and, if he intends to exercise the right, shall give to the person competent to sell a notice in writing accordingly.
(2) If the Director does not exercise with respect to any antiquity or property the right of preemption within a period of three months from the date of notice given under sub-section (1), the antiquity or property may be sold to any person after the expiry of the said period and a notice of such sale shall be given to the Director.
(3) Save as provided in sub-section (2), no antiquity or pro¬perty in respect of which a notice under sub-section (1) has been given shall be sold to any person.
(4) All sales in contravention of sub-section (3) shall be void and the antiquity or property so sold shall be forfeited to the Central Government.
10.— Declaration of protected antiquities. (1) The Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, declare any antiquity to be a protected antiquity for the purposes of this Act.
(2) A copy of a notification under sub-section (1) shall be served on the owner of the antiquity and, in the case of an im¬movable antiquity, shall also be fixed up in a conspicuous place of or near the antiquity.
(3) A notification under sub-section (1) shall, unless it is cancelled by the Central Government, be conclusive evidence of the fact that the antiquity to which it relates is a protected antiquity for the purposes of this Act.
(4) Ancient monuments declared to be protected monuments under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 5904, shall be deemed to be protected antiquities for the purposes of this Act.
11.— Representation against declaration of protected antiquities. (1) The owner of an antiquity to which a notification under section 10 relates, or any person having any right or interest in the antiquity, may, within three months of the service of a copy of the notification, make a representation in writing to the Central Government against the notification.
(2) Upon the receipt of a representation under sub-section (1) against a notification, the Central Government, after giving the person making it an opportunity of being heard and after consul¬tation with the Advisory Committee, may, if it is satisfied that there are good and sufficient reasons for objection to the notifi¬cation, cancel it.
12. — The guardianship of antiquity by agreement. (1) The owner of any immovable antiquity or of any protected antiquity may, by an agreement in writing, constitute the Director the guardian of such antiquity and the Director may, with the previous sanction of the Central Government, accept such guardianship.
(2) Where the Director has accepted the guardianship of an antiquity in pursuance of an agreement under sub-section (1), the owner shall, except as expressly provided in this Act and in the agreement, have the same right, title and interest in and to the antiquity as if the Director had not been constituted the guardian thereof.
(3) An agreement under this section in relation to an antiquity may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely :—
(a) the maintenance of the antiquity,
(b) the custody of the antiquity and the duties of any person who may be employed to watch it;
(c) the restrictions upon the right of the owner to alienate, destroy, remove, alter or deface the antiquity or to build on or near the site of the antiquity ;
(d) the facilities of access to be allowed to the public ;
(e) the facilities to be allowed to persons deputed by the owner or the Director for inspection and maintenance of the antiquity ;
(f) the expenses to be incurred in connection with the preservation of the antiquity and payment of such expenses if incurred by the owner ;
(g) compensation to be paid for any loss sustained by the owner or occupier or any other person as a result of the enforcement or observance of the agreement; and
(h) any other matter connected with the custody, manage¬ment and preservation of the antiquity.
(4) The terms of an agreement under this section may be altered from time to time with the sanction of the Central Gov¬ernment and with the consent of the owner.
(5) An agreement under this section in relation to an antiquity may be terminated upon six months notice in writing given by the Director, with the previous sanction of the Central Government, to the owner or by the owner to the Director.
13. Purchasers at certain sales and persons claiming through owner bound by agreement entered into by owner. Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, every person who, at a sale for the recovery of arrears of land-revenue or any other public demand, purchases any land or property, or any right or interest in land or property, which contains, or in which is situated an antiquity in respect of which an agreement under section 12 subsists, and every person claiming any title to any antiquity from, through or under an owner who entered into such agreement, shall be bound by such agreement.
14. Custody, etc., of antiquity of which owner not traceable. Where the owner of an antiquity is not traceable, the Director may, with the approval of the Central Government and until such time as the owner is traced, take necessary measures for ihe custody, preservation and protection of the antiquity.
15.— Application of endowment for maintenance and preservation of antiquity. (1) Where any endowment has been created for the maintenance and preservation of any protected antiquity, or for that purpose among others, and the owner or other person competent in this behalf fails in the proper application of such endowment and, when proposed to him by the Director, refuses or fails to enter into an agreement under section 12, the Director may, for the proper application of such endowment or part thereof, institute a suit in the Court of the District Judge, or, where the estimated cost of maintaining and preserving the antiquity does not exceed one thousand rupees, make an applica¬tion to the District Judge.
(2) On the hearing of an application under sub-section (1), the District Judge may summon and examine the owner and any person whose evidence appears to him necessary, and may pass an order for the proper application of the endowment or of any part thereof, and any such order may be executed as if it were the decree of a Civil Court.
16.— Compulsory acquisition of protected immovable antiquity. (1) If the Central Government apprehends that a protected immovable antiquity is in danger of being destroyed, injured or allowed to fall into decay, it may, after consultation with the Advisory Committee, direct the Provincial Government to acquire such antiquity or any part thereof and the Provincial Government shall thereupon acquire such antiquity or part under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, as for a public purpose.
(2) The power of compulsory acquisition under sub-section (1) shall not be exercised in the case of—
(a) any antiquity which or any part of which is periodically used for religious observances ; or
(b) any antiquity which is the subject of a subsisting agree¬ment under section 12 ; or
(c) any other antiquity unless the owner or other person competent in this behalf has, when proposed to him by the Director, failed to enter into an agreement under section 12 within such period, not being less than six months, as the Director may fix.
17.— Protection of place of worship from misuse, etc. (1) A place of worship or shrine, being an antiquity if maintained by the Central Government, shall not be used for m any purpose inconsistent with its character.
(2) A place of worship or shrine in respect of which the Director has accepted guardianship in pursuance of an agreement under section 12 shall, unless the agreement otherwise provides, be maintained by the person or body in whom it is vested or, if there is no such person or body, by the Central Government.
(3) Where any antiquity in respect of which the Central Government has acquired any right under this Act or the Director has accepted guardianship is periodically used for religious worship or observances by any community, the Director shall provide for the protection of such antiquity from pollution or desecration—
(a) by prohibiting the entry therein, except in accordance with the conditions prescribed with the concurrence of the person in charge of the antiquity, of any person not entitled so to enter by the religious usages of the community by which the antiquity is used; and
(b) by taking with the concurrence of the person in charge of the antiquity such other action as he may think necessary for the purpose.
(4) Whoever contravenes the provisions of sub-section (3) shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months, or with fine, or with both.
18. Restriction on use of protected immovable antiquity. A protected immovable antiquity in respect of which the Director has accepted guardianship in pursuance of an agreement under section 12 or the Central Government has acquired any right under this Act, shall not, except as otherwise provided in such agreement or in this Act, be used for any purpose other than that directly related to its administration or preservation.
19.— Prohibition of destruction, damage, etc., of antiquities. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act or of any agreement under section 12, no person shall, except for carrying out the purposes of this Act, destroy, break, damage, alter, injure, deface or mutilate, or scribble, write or engrave any inscription or sign on, any antiquity in respect of which the Director has accepted guardianship cr the Central Government has acquired any right.
(2) Whoever contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) Shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.
(3) The court trying an offence under sub-section (2) may direct that the whole or any part of the fine recovered shall be applied in defraying the expenses of restoring the antiquity to the condition in which it was before the commission of the offence.
20.— Penalty for counterfeiting etc., of antiquity. (1) Whoever counterfeits, or commits forgery in respect of, any antiquity with intent to commit fraud or knowing it to be likely that fraud will thereby be committed, or causes anything to appear like, or to be believed to be, an antiquity with intent to cause wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another person, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine, or with both.
(2) The court trying an offence under sub-section (1) may direct that anything the making or forging of which has consti¬tuted such offence shall be forfeited to the Central Government.
21.— Dealing in antiquities. (1) No person shall deal in antiquities except under and in accordance with a licence granted by the Director.
(2) Every dealer shall maintain a register in such manner and form as the Director may prescribe from time to time.
(3) A licence granted under sub-section (1) may be cancelled by the Director for the breach of any condition of the licence.
(4) The Director may, with a view to securing compliance with the provisions of this section,—
(a) require any person dealing in antiquities to give such information in his possession with respect to any business carried on by him as the Director may demand ;
(b) inspect or cause to be inspected any book, register or other document belonging to or under the control of any person dealing in antiquities ; and
(c) enter and search, or authorise any officer subordinate to him to enter and search, any premises and seize, or authorise any such officer to seize, any antiquity in respect of which he has reason to believe that a breach of any condition of the licence has been committed.
22.— Export of antiquities. (1) No person shall export any antiquity except under a licence to be granted by the Director—
(a) for the temporary export of antiquities for the purpose of exhibition, examination or treatment for preser¬vation ; or
(6) in accordance with agreement with foreign licensees for archaeological exploration and excavations within the term of their licences ; or
(c) for the export of antiquities which are not of a unique nature in exchange for antiquities of any foreign country.
(2) All antiquities the export of which is prohibited under sub-section (1) shall be deemed to be goods of which the export has been prohibited under section 19 of the Sea Customs Act, 1878, and all the provisions of that Act shall have effect accordingly, except that the antiquity in respect of which the provisions of that Act have been contravened shall be confiscated where confiscation is authorised under that Act.
23.— Prohibition of movement of antiquity. (1) No person shall transport an antiquity from one place in Pakistan to another with the object of exporting it in contravention of section 22.
(2) Whoever contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months, or with fine, or with both.
(3) The court trying an offence under sub-section (2) may direct that any antiquity in respect of which the offence has been committed shall be forfeited to the Central Government.
24.— Regulation of mining and quarrying . (1) If the Central Government is of the opinion that for the purpose of protecting or preserving any immovable antiquity it is necessary so to do, it may, by notification in the official Gazette, prohibit or restrict, within such area as may be specified therein, mining, quarrying, excavating, blasting and other operations of a like nature, or the movement of heavy vehicles, except under and in accordance with the terms of a licence granted and rules, if any, made in this behalf.
(2) Any owner or occupier of land who sustains any loss by reason of any prohibition or restriction by a notification under sub-section (1) shall be paid reasonable compensation for such loss.
(3) Whoever contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.
25.— Prohibition of archaeological excavation without licence. (1) No person shall make on any land any excavation for archaeological purposes except under and in accordance with a licence granted by the Director.
(2) A licence under sub-section (1) in respect of any land shall rot be granted to any person other than the owner of the land except in accordance with the terms of an agreement with the owner, and any such agreement may provide for—
(a) the restriction of the owners rights in respect of the use and occupation of such land ;
(b) the compensation or any other consideration to be paid to the owner ; and
(c) any other matter connected with the use of the land for the purpose of such excavation.
(3) A licence under sub-section (1) shall not be refused to an owner if he undertakes to carry on the excavation in such manner that it will not result in the loss of archaeological or historical material which in the national interest should be pre¬served.
(4) Whoever contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.
(5) The court trying an offence under sub-section (4) may direct that any object found in the course of an excavation constituting such offence shall be forfeited to the Central Government.
26. Prohibition of making copies of protected anti¬quities without licence. No person shall, for any commercial purpose, make a cinematography film of any protected antiquity or any part thereof except under and in accordance with a licence granted by the Director.
27. Right of access to protected immovable antiquities. Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder, the public shall have a right of access to any immovable protected antiquity maintained by the Central Govern¬ment under this Act.
28. Jurisdiction to try offences. No court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under this Act except upon a complaint in writing made by an officer generally or specially empowered in this behalf by the Central Government and no court inferior to that of a Sessions Judge shall try any such offence.
29. Confiscated antiquities to be made over to Director. Any antiquity which is confiscated or forfeited under this Act shall be made over to the Director for custody, preser¬vation and protection.
30. Indemnity. No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against Government or any person for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done under this Act.
31. — Power to make rules. (1) The Central Government may, after previous publication, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act.
(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may provide for—
(a) the form and the conditions of any licence granted under this Act ;
(b) regulation of admission of public to any immovable protected antiquity ;
(c) the levy of fees for the grant of any licence under this Act and for admission of the public to an immovable protected antiquity ; and
(d) such other matters as are or may be required for carry¬ing into effect the provisions of this Act.
(3) The rules made under this section may provide that the contravention of any of the provisions thereof or of any condi¬tion of a licence granted under this Act shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees.
32. Repeal. The Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904, and the Antiquities (Export Control) Act, 1947, are hereby repealed.
